参考文献

简介

[1]王忠诚. 王忠诚神经外科学[M]. 湖北科学技术出版社. 2005.3.1
[2]赵继宗. 颅脑肿瘤外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2004.9.
[3]赵继宗. 神经外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9.
[4]Aizer AA,Chan AW. A tale of two tumors: pediatric and adult medulloblastoma. Oncology (Williston Park). 2012 Nov. 26(11): 1095-7.
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[5]Alston RD,Newton R,Kelsey A,Newbould MJ,Birch JM,Lawson B,McNally RJ. Childhood medulloblastoma in northwest England 1954 to 1997: incidence and survival. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2003 May. 45(5): 308-14.
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流行病学

[1]Bartlett F,Kortmann R,Saran F. Medulloblastoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2012 Dec 11. (): .
pubmed摘要
[2]赵继宗. 神经外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9.

病因

[1]赵继宗. 神经外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9.
[2]Bartlett F,Kortmann R,Saran F. Medulloblastoma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2012 Dec 11. (): .
pubmed摘要
[3]Parsons DW,Li M,Zhang X,Jones S,Leary RJ,Lin JC,Boca SM,Carter H,Samayoa J,Bettegowda C,Gallia GL,Jallo GI,Binder ZA,Nikolsky Y,Hartigan J,Smith DR,Gerhard DS,Fults DW,VandenBerg S,Berger MS,Marie SK,Shinjo SM,Clara C,Phillips PC,Minturn JE,Biegel JA,Judkins AR,Resnick AC,Storm PB,Curran T,He Y,Rasheed BA,Friedman HS,Keir ST,McLendon R,Northcott PA,Taylor MD,Burger PC,Riggins GJ,Karchin R,Parmigiani G,Bigner DD,Yan H,Papadopoulos N,Vogelstein B,Kinzler KW,Velculescu VE. The genetic landscape of the childhood cancer medulloblastoma. Science. 2011 Jan 28. 331(6016): 435-9.
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[4]Alibek K,Kakpenova A,Baiken Y. Role of infectious agents in the carcinogenesis of brain and head and neck cancers. Infect Agent Cancer. 2013 Feb 2. 8(1): 7.
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[5]Ohta M,Taga T,Nomura A,Kato H,Takano T,Maruo Y,Takeuchi Y,Ishida M,Ohta S. Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoproliferative disorder, cytomegalovirus reactivation, and varicella zoster virus encephalitis during treatment of medulloblastoma. J Med Virol. 2011 Sep. 83(9): 1582-4.
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[6]Srivenugopal KS,Mullapudi SR,Shou J,Hazra TK,Ali-Osman F. Protein phosphorylation is a regulatory mechanism for O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in human brain tumor cells. Cancer Res. 2000 Jan 15. 60(2): 282-7.
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[7]Carozza SE,Olshan AF,Faustman EM,Gula MJ,Kolonel LN,Austin DF,West ED,Weiss NS,Swanson GM,Lyon JL. Maternal exposure to N-nitrosatable drugs as a risk factor for childhood brain tumours. Int J Epidemiol. 1995 Apr. 24(2): 308-12.
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[8]Little MP,Rajaraman P,Curtis RE,Devesa SS,Inskip PD,Check DP,Linet MS. Mobile phone use and glioma risk: comparison of epidemiological study results with incidence trends in the United States. BMJ. 2012 Mar 8. 344(): e1147.
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[10]Carlberg M,Hardell L. On the association between glioma, wireless phones, heredity and ionising radiation. Pathophysiology. 2012 Sep. 19(4): 243-52.
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[11]Morrison LC,McClelland R,Aiken C,Bridges M,Liang L,Wang X,Di Curzio D,Del Bigio MR,Taylor MD,Werbowetski-Ogilvie TE. Deconstruction of Medulloblastoma Cellular Heterogeneity Reveals Differences between the Most Highly Invasive and Self-Renewing Phenotypes. Neoplasia. 2013 Apr. 15(4): 384-98.
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[12]Michiels EM,Weiss MM,Hoovers JM,Baak JP,Voûte PA,Baas F,Hermsen MA. Genetic alterations in childhood medulloblastoma analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002 Mar-Apr. 24(3): 205-10.
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[13]Ng D,Stavrou T,Liu L,Taylor MD,Gold B,Dean M,Kelley MJ,Dubovsky EC,Vezina G,Nicholson HS,Byrne J,Rutka JT,Hogg D,Reaman GH,Goldstein AM. Retrospective family study of childhood medulloblastoma. Am J Med Genet A. 2005 May 1. 134(4): 399-403.
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[14]von Koch CS,Gulati M,Aldape K,Berger MS. Familial medulloblastoma: case report of one family and review of the literature. Neurosurgery. 2002 Jul. 51(1): 227-33; discussion 233.
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[15]Chidambaram B,Santhosh V,Shankar SK. Identical twins with medulloblastoma occurring in infancy. Childs Nerv Syst. 1998 Sep. 14(9): 421-5.
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[16]Hart RM,Kimler BF,Evans RG,Park CH. Radiotherapeutic management of medulloblastoma in a pediatric patient with ataxia telangiectasia. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987 Aug. 13(8): 1237-40.
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[17]Sümer-Turanlıgil NC,Cetin EO,Uyanıkgil Y. A contemporary review of molecular candidates for the development and treatment of childhood medulloblastoma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013 Jan 6. (): .
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[18]Taylor MD,Mainprize TG,Rutka JT,Becker L,Bayani J,Drake JM. Medulloblastoma in a child with Rubenstein-Taybi Syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2001 Nov. 35(5): 235-8.
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[19]Satgé D,Stiller CA,Rutkowski S,von Bueren AO,Lacour B,Sommelet D,Nishi M,Massimino M,Garré ML,Moreno F,Hasle H,Jakab Z,Greenberg M,von der Weid N,Kuehni C,Zurriaga O,Vicente ML,Peris-Bonet R,Benesch M,Vekemans M,Sullivan SG,Rickert C. A very rare cancer in Down syndrome: medulloblastoma. Epidemiological data from 13 countries. J Neurooncol. 2013 Jan 11. (): .
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[20]Thomas M,Enciso V,Stratton R,Shah S,Winder T,Tayeh M,Roeder E. Metastatic medulloblastoma in an adolescent with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2012 Oct. 158A(10): 2534-6.
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[21]Skomorowski M,Taxier M,Wise W Jr. Turcot syndrome type 2: medulloblastoma with multiple colorectal adenomas. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Oct. 10(10): A24.
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[22]Hamada H,Kurimoto M,Endo S,Ogiichi T,Akai T,Takaku A. Turcot's syndrome presenting with medulloblastoma and familiar adenomatous polyposis: a case report and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1998. 140(6): 631-2.
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[23]Alexiou GA,Siozos G,Stefanaki K,Vlachakis E,Sfakianos G,Prodromou N,Moschovi M. Medulloblastoma in a child with fragile X syndrome. Neuropediatrics. 2012 Jun. 43(3): 155-8.
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[24]Garrè ML,Cama A,Bagnasco F,Morana G,Giangaspero F,Brisigotti M,Gambini C,Forni M,Rossi A,Haupt R,Nozza P,Barra S,Piatelli G,Viglizzo G,Capra V,Bruno W,Pastorino L,Massimino M,Tumolo M,Fidani P,Dallorso S,Schumacher RF,Milanaccio C,Pietsch T. Medulloblastoma variants: age-dependent occurrence and relation to Gorlin syndrome--a new clinical perspective. Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Apr 1. 15(7): 2463-71.
pubmed摘要 | 全文链接

病理解剖

[1]Bergmann M,Pietsch T,Herms J,Janus J,Spaar HJ,Terwey B. Medullomyoblastoma: a histological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and molecular genetic study. Acta Neuropathol. 1998 Feb. 95(2): 205-12.
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[2]赵继宗. 颅脑肿瘤外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2004.9.
[3]李玉林. 病理学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2008.1.
[4]赵继宗. 神经外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9.
[5]王任直. 尤曼斯神经外科学[M]. 北京人民卫生出版社. 2009.1
[6]王忠诚. 王忠诚神经外科学[M]. 湖北:湖北科学技术出版社.2005.

病理生理

[1]Parsons DW,Li M,Zhang X,Jones S,Leary RJ,Lin JC,Boca SM,Carter H,Samayoa J,Bettegowda C,Gallia GL,Jallo GI,Binder ZA,Nikolsky Y,Hartigan J,Smith DR,Gerhard DS,Fults DW,VandenBerg S,Berger MS,Marie SK,Shinjo SM,Clara C,Phillips PC,Minturn JE,Biegel JA,Judkins AR,Resnick AC,Storm PB,Curran T,He Y,Rasheed BA,Friedman HS,Keir ST,McLendon R,Northcott PA,Taylor MD,Burger PC,Riggins GJ,Karchin R,Parmigiani G,Bigner DD,Yan H,Papadopoulos N,Vogelstein B,Kinzler KW,Velculescu VE. The genetic landscape of the childhoo
pubmed摘要
[2]赵继宗. 神经外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9.
[3]王任直. 尤曼斯神经外科学[M]. 北京人民卫生出版社. 2009.1
[4]王忠诚. 王忠诚神经外科学[M]. 湖北:湖北科学技术出版社.2005.

分类分型

[1]赵继宗. 神经外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9.
[2]Northcott PA,Korshunov A,Pfister SM,Taylor MD. The clinical implications of medulloblastoma subgroups. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012 May 8. 8(6): 340-51.
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预防

[1]戴旭东. 恶性肿瘤的危害及预防. 使用肿瘤学杂志.1994,3:70-72.
[2]Brown VJ. Toward primary prevention of cancer: the case for a global strategy to limit avoidable exposures. Environ Health Perspect. 2013 Apr. 121(4): a137.
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[3]Hayran M,Kilickap S,Elkiran T,Akbulut H,Abali H,Yuce D,Kilic D,Turhal S. Smoking Habits of Relatives of Patients with Cancer: Cancer Diagnosis in the Family is an Important Teachable Moment for Smoking Cessation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013. 14(1): 475-479.
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[4]Travis LB,Wahnefried WD,Allan JM,Wood ME,Ng AK. Aetiology, genetics and prevention of secondary neoplasms in adult cancer survivors. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2013 Mar 26. (): .
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[5]Balk SJ,Fisher DE,Geller AC. Teens and indoor tanning: a cancer prevention opportunity for pediatricians. Pediatrics. 2013 Apr. 131(4): 772-85.
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[6]Bode AM,Dong Z. Cancer prevention research - then and now. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Jul. 9(7): 508-16.
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[7]Greenwald P,McDonald SS,Anderson DE. An evidence-based approach to cancer prevention clinical trials. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2002 Aug. 11 Suppl 2(): S43-7.
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[8]Cantor D. Introduction: cancer control and prevention in the twentieth century. Bull Hist Med. 2007 Spring. 81(1): 1-38.
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[9]http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/index.html

问诊与查体

[1]Ciccarino P,Rotilio A,Rossetto M,Manara R,Orvieto E,Berti F,Lombardi G,d'Avella D,Scienza R,Della Puppa A. Multifocal presentation of medulloblastoma in adulthood. J Neurooncol. 2012 Apr. 107(2): 233-7.
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[2]江涛, 刘福生. 脑胶质瘤[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版. 2007.4
[3]焦保华. 神经胶质瘤:基础与临床[M]. 北京: 科学技术文献出版社. 2006.7
[4]赵继宗. 颅脑肿瘤外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2004.9.
[5]李玉林. 病理学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2008.1.
[6]赵继宗. 神经外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9.
[7]王任直. 尤曼斯神经外科学[M]. 北京人民卫生出版社. 2009.1
[8]王忠诚. 王忠诚神经外科学[M]. 湖北:湖北科学技术出版社.2005.

辅助检查

[1]Eran A,Ozturk A,Aygun N,Izbudak I. Medulloblastoma: atypical CT and MRI findings in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2010 Jul. 40(7): 1254-62.
pubmed摘要
[2]赵继宗. 颅脑肿瘤外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2004.9.
[3]赵继宗. 神经外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9.
[4]王任直. 尤曼斯神经外科学[M]. 北京人民卫生出版社. 2009.1
[5]王忠诚. 王忠诚神经外科学[M]. 湖北:湖北科学技术出版社.2005.
[6]Yeom KW,Mobley BC,Lober RM,Andre JB,Partap S,Vogel H,Barnes PD. Distinctive MRI features of pediatric medulloblastoma subtypes. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013 Apr. 200(4): 895-903.
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并发症

[1]赵继宗. 神经外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9.
[2]王任直. 尤曼斯神经外科学[M]. 北京人民卫生出版社. 2009.1
[3]王忠诚. 王忠诚神经外科学[M]. 湖北:湖北科学技术出版社.2005.
[4]Soelva V,Hernáiz Driever P,Abbushi A,Rueckriegel S,Bruhn H,Eisner W,Thomale UW. Fronto-cerebellar fiber tractography in pediatric patients following posterior fossa tumor surgery. Childs Nerv Syst. 2012 Nov 27. (): .
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[5]Mortimer DS. Clinical case study: a 4-year-old boy with posterior fossa syndrome after resection of a medulloblastoma. J Neurosci Nurs. 2011 Aug. 43(4): 225-9.
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[6]Wells EM,Khademian ZP,Walsh KS,Vezina G,Sposto R,Keating RF,Packer RJ. Postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome following treatment of medulloblastoma: neuroradiographic features and origin. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2010 Apr. 5(4): 329-34.
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[7]Gudrunardottir T,Sehested A,Juhler M,Grill J,Schmiegelow K. Cerebellar mutism: definitions, classification and grading of symptoms. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011 Sep. 27(9): 1361-3.
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[8]江涛. 脑肿瘤的化学治疗[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9.
[9]Ogiwara H,Dipatri AJ Jr,Bowman RM,Tomita T,Alden TD. Diffuse postoperative cerebellar swelling in medulloblastoma: report of two cases. Childs Nerv Syst. 2011 May. 27(5): 743-7.
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[10]赵继宗. 神经外科学[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社. 2009.9
[11]Kolinsky DC,Hayashi SS,Karzon R,Mao J,Hayashi RJ. Late onset hearing loss: a significant complication of cancer survivors treated with Cisplatin containing chemotherapy regimens. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2010 Mar. 32(2): 119-23.
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诊断标准

[1]王任直. 尤曼斯神经外科学[M]. 北京人民卫生出版社. 2009.1

鉴别诊断

[1]王任直. 尤曼斯神经外科学[M]. 北京人民卫生出版社. 2009.1
[2]吴恩惠, 戴建平, 张云亭. 中华影像医学:中枢神经系统卷[M]. 北京:人民卫生出版社.2004.4
[3]Eran A,Ozturk A,Aygun N,Izbudak I. Medulloblastoma: atypical CT and MRI findings in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2010 Jul. 40(7): 1254-62.
pubmed摘要
[4]Lim SC,Jang SJ. Myxopapillary ependymoma of the fourth ventricle. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006 Feb. 108(2): 211-4.
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[5]Takeuchi S,Sugawara T,Masaoka H,Takasato Y. Fourth ventricular meningioma: a case report and literature review. Acta Neurol Belg. 2012 Mar. 112(1): 97-100.
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[6]Kumar VA,Knopp EA,Zagzag D. Magnetic resonance dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced perfusion imaging in the diagnosis of posterior fossa hemangioblastomas and pilocytic astrocytomas: initial results. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2010 Nov-Dec. 34(6): 825-9.
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[7]Savardekar A,Salunke P,Ahuja CK,Rane S,Singla N. Unusual presentation in adult medulloblastomas: imaging features mimicking cerebellar dysplastic gangliocytoma (Lhermitte-Duclos disease). Neurol India. 2012 Sep-Oct. 60(5): 555-7.
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[8]Butler WE,Khan A,Khan SA. Posterior fossa ependymoma with intense but transient disseminated enhancement but not metastasis. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2002 Jul. 37(1): 27-31.
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[9]Mahta A,Kim RY,Kesari S. Fourth ventricular choroid plexus papilloma. Med Oncol. 2012 Jun. 29(2): 1285-6.
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[10]Pratheesh R,Moorthy RK,Singh R,Rajshekhar V. Choroid plexus papilloma presenting as a non-contrast-enhancing fourth ventricular mass in a child. Neurol India. 2009 Jul-Aug. 57(4): 486-8.
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[11]Hanak BW,Walcott BP,Codd PJ,Jones PS,Nahed BV,Butler WE,Asaad WF. Fourth ventricular neurocystercercosis presenting with acute hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci. 2011 Jun. 18(6): 867-9.
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治疗目标

[1]von Hoff K,Rutkowski S. Medulloblastoma. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2012 Aug. 14(4): 416-26.
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[2]江涛,赵志刚.脑肿瘤的化学治疗[M].北京:人民卫生出版社.2008.9
[3]Donahue B,Marymont MA,Kessel S,Iandoli MK,Fitzgerald T,Holmes E,Kocak M,Boyett JM,Gajjar A,Packer RJ. Radiation therapy quality in CCG/POG intergroup 9961: implications for craniospinal irradiation and the posterior fossa boost in future medulloblastoma trials. Front Oncol. 2012. 2(): 185.
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[4]Lai SF,Wang CW,Chen YH,Lan KH,Cheng JC,Cheng AL,Kuo SH. Medulloblastoma in adults. Treatment outcome, relapse patterns, and prognostic factors. Strahlenther Onkol. 2012 Oct. 188(10): 878-86.
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[5]Milker-Zabel S,Zabel A,Thilmann C,Zuna I,Hoess A,Wannenmacher M,Debus J. Results of three-dimensional stereotactically-guided radiotherapy in recurrent medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2002 Dec. 60(3): 227-33.
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[6]Abe M,Tokumaru S,Tabuchi K,Kida Y,Takagi M,Imamura J. Stereotactic radiation therapy with chemotherapy in the management of recurrent medulloblastomas. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2006. 42(2): 81-8.
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[7]King D,Connolly D,Zaki H,Lee V,Yeomanson D. Successful Treatment of Metastatic Relapse of Medulloblastoma in Childhood With Single Session Stereotactic Radiosurgery: A Report of 3 Cases. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013 Mar 1. (): .
pubmed摘要

治疗细则

[1]江涛,赵志刚.脑肿瘤的化学治疗[M].北京:人民卫生出版社.2008.9
[2]王任直. 尤曼斯神经外科学[M]. 北京人民卫生出版社. 2009.1
[3]王忠诚. 王忠诚神经外科学[M]. 湖北:湖北科学技术出版社.2005.
[4]罗世祺.儿童神经系统肿瘤[M]. 北京: 北京大学医学出版社,2006:54-83.
[5]Due-Tønnessen BJ,Helseth E. Management of hydrocephalus in children with posterior fossa tumors: role of tumor surgery. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2007. 43(2): 92-6.
pubmed摘要
[6]Muzumdar D,Deshpande A,Kumar R,Sharma A,Goel N,Dange N,Shah A,Goel A. Medulloblastoma in childhood-King Edward Memorial hospital surgical experience and review: Comparative analysis of the case series of 365 patients. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2011 Oct. 6(Suppl 1): S78-85.
pubmed摘要 | 全文链接
[7]Gopalakrishnan CV,Dhakoji A,Menon G,Nair S. Factors Predicting the Need for Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion following Posterior Fossa Tumor Surgery in Children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2012 Oct 4. (): .
pubmed摘要
[8]Boyd DT,Hayeri MR,Vyas PK. Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor metastasis to the abdomen via a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Pediatr Radiol. 2010 Dec. 40 Suppl 1(): S123-6.
pubmed摘要
[9]Arias-Garzón W,Pacheco-Barsallo F,Trujillo-Jácome C. [Peritoneal metastases of medulloblastoma due to placement of ventriculoperitoneal shunt in an adult patient]. Cir Cir. 2011 Sep-Oct. 79(5): 458-63.
pubmed摘要
[10]King D,Connolly D,Zaki H,Lee V,Yeomanson D. Successful Treatment of Metastatic Relapse of Medulloblastoma in Childhood With Single Session Stereotactic Radiosurgery: A Report of 3 Cases. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013 Mar 1. (): .
pubmed摘要
[11]Germanwala AV,Mai JC,Tomycz ND,Niranjan A,Flickinger JC,Kondziolka D,Lunsford LD. Boost Gamma Knife surgery during multimodality management of adult medulloblastoma. J Neurosurg. 2008 Feb. 108(2): 204-9.
pubmed摘要
[12]Packer RJ,Zhou T,Holmes E,Vezina G,Gajjar A. Survival and secondary tumors in children with medulloblastoma receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: results of Children's Oncology Group trial A9961. Neuro Oncol. 2012 Oct 25. (): .
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[13]Jakacki RI,Burger PC,Zhou T,Holmes EJ,Kocak M,Onar A,Goldwein J,Mehta M,Packer RJ,Tarbell N,Fitz C,Vezina G,Hilden J,Pollack IF. Outcome of children with metastatic medulloblastoma treated with carboplatin during craniospinal radiotherapy: a Children's Oncology Group Phase I/II study. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Jul 20. 30(21): 2648-53.
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[14]Packer RJ, Deutsch M, Thomas PRM, et al. What constitutes standard treatment for children older than 3 years of age with nondisseminated medulloblastoma. Ann Neurol. 1996,40 :291
[15]Goldwein JW,Radcliffe J,Johnson J,Moshang T,Packer RJ,Sutton LN,Rorke LB,D'Angio GJ. Updated results of a pilot study of low dose craniospinal irradiation plus chemotherapy for children under five with cerebellar primitive neuroectodermal tumors (medulloblastoma). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Mar 1. 34(4): 899-904.
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[16]Allen J,Donahue B,Mehta M,Miller DC,Rorke LB,Jakacki R,Robertson P,Sposto R,Holmes E,Vezina G,Muraszko K,Puccetti D,Prados M,Chan KW. A phase II study of preradiotherapy chemotherapy followed by hyperfractionated radiotherapy for newly diagnosed high-risk medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor: a report from the Children's Oncology Group (CCG 9931). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jul 15. 74(4): 1006-11.
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[17]Ashley DM,Merchant TE,Strother D,Zhou T,Duffner P,Burger PC,Miller DC,Lyon N,Bonner MJ,Msall M,Buxton A,Geyer R,Kun LE,Coleman L,Pollack IF. Induction chemotherapy and conformal radiation therapy for very young children with nonmetastatic medulloblastoma: Children's Oncology Group study P9934. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 10. 30(26): 3181-6.
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[18]Lannering B,Rutkowski S,Doz F,Pizer B,Gustafsson G,Navajas A,Massimino M,Reddingius R,Benesch M,Carrie C,Taylor R,Gandola L,Björk-Eriksson T,Giralt J,Oldenburger F,Pietsch T,Figarella-Branger D,Robson K,Forni M,Clifford SC,Warmuth-Metz M,von Hoff K,Faldum A,Mosseri V,Kortmann R. Hyperfractionated versus conventional radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy in standard-risk medulloblastoma: results from the randomized multicenter HIT-SIOP PNET 4 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Sep 10. 30(26): 3187-93.
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[19]Massimino M,Cefalo G,Riva D,Biassoni V,Spreafico F,Pecori E,Poggi G,Collini P,Pollo B,Valentini L,Potepan P,Seregni E,Casanova M,Ferrari A,Luksch R,Polastri D,Terenziani M,Pallotti F,Clerici CA,Schiavello E,Simonetti F,Meazza C,Catania S,Podda M,Gandola L. Long-term results of combined preradiation chemotherapy and age-tailored radiotherapy doses for childhood medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2012 May. 108(1): 163-71.
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[20]Ajeawung NF,Wang HY,Gould P,Kamnasaran D. Advances in molecular targets for the treatment of medulloblastomas. Clin Invest Med. 2012 Oct 6. 35(5): E246.
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[21]Sümer-Turanlıgil NC,Cetin EO,Uyanıkgil Y. A contemporary review of molecular candidates for the development and treatment of childhood medulloblastoma. Childs Nerv Syst. 2013 Jan 6. (): .
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[22]Zalatimo O,Zoccoli CM,Patel A,Weston CL,Glantz M. Impact of genetic targets on primary brain tumor therapy: what's ready for prime time? Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013. 779(): 267-89.
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[23]Guessous F,Li Y,Abounader R. Signaling pathways in medulloblastoma. J Cell Physiol. 2008 Dec. 217(3): 577-83.
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[24]Wojtalla A,Salm F,Christiansen DG,Cremona T,Cwiek P,Shalaby T,Gross N,Grotzer MA,Arcaro A. Novel Agents Targeting the IGF-1R/PI3K Pathway Impair Cell Proliferation and Survival in Subsets of Medulloblastoma and Neuroblastoma. PLoS One. 2012. 7(10): e47109.
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[25]Meyers-Needham M,Lewis JA,Gencer S,Sentelle RD,Saddoughi SA,Clarke CJ,Hannun YA,Norell H,da Palma TM,Nishimura M,Kraveka JM,Khavandgar Z,Murshed M,Cevik MO,Ogretmen B. Off-target function of the Sonic hedgehog inhibitor cyclopamine in mediating apoptosis via nitric oxide-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase 2/ceramide induction. Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 May. 11(5): 1092-102.
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[26]Zhang Y,Laterra J,Pomper MG. Hedgehog pathway inhibitor HhAntag691 is a potent inhibitor of ABCG2/BCRP and ABCB1/Pgp. Neoplasia. 2009 Jan. 11(1): 96-101.
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[27]Baryawno N,Sveinbjörnsson B,Eksborg S,Chen CS,Kogner P,Johnsen JI. Small-molecule inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling inhibit Wnt/beta-catenin pathway cross-talk and suppress medulloblastoma growth. Cancer Res. 2010 Jan 1. 70(1): 266-76.
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[28]Guerreiro AS,Fattet S,Fischer B,Shalaby T,Jackson SP,Schoenwaelder SM,Grotzer MA,Delattre O,Arcaro A. Targeting the PI3K p110alpha isoform inhibits medulloblastoma proliferation, chemoresistance, and migration. Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Nov 1. 14(21): 6761-9.
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[29]Hartmann W,Digon-Söntgerath B,Koch A,Waha A,Endl E,Dani I,Denkhaus D,Goodyer CG,Sörensen N,Wiestler OD,Pietsch T. Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/AKT signaling is activated in medulloblastoma cell proliferation and is associated with reduced expression of PTEN. Clin Cancer Res. 2006 May 15. 12(10): 3019-27.
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管理与监测

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治疗进展

[1]Petrosiute A,Auletta JJ,Lazarus HM. Achieving graft-versus-tumor effect in brain tumor patients: from autologous progenitor cell transplant to active immunotherapy. Immunotherapy. 2012 Nov. 4(11): 1139-51.
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[2]Sonabend AM,Ogden AT,Maier LM,Anderson DE,Canoll P,Bruce JN,Anderson RC. Medulloblasoma: challenges for effective immunotherapy. J Neurooncol. 2012 May. 108(1): 1-10.
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[3]Studebaker AW,Hutzen B,Pierson CR,Russell SJ,Galanis E,Raffel C. Oncolytic measles virus prolongs survival in a murine model of cerebral spinal fluid-disseminated medulloblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2012 Apr. 14(4): 459-70.
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[4]Lun XQ,Zhou H,Alain T,Sun B,Wang L,Barrett JW,Stanford MM,McFadden G,Bell J,Senger DL,Forsyth PA. Targeting human medulloblastoma: oncolytic virotherapy with myxoma virus is enhanced by rapamycin. Cancer Res. 2007 Sep 15. 67(18): 8818-27.
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[5]Koutroulis I,Zarros A,Theocharis S. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in the pathophysiology and progression of human nervous system malignancies: a chance for the development of targeted therapeutic approaches? Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2008 Dec. 12(12): 1577-86.
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[6]Wang W,Macaulay RJ. Cell-cycle gene expression in lovastatin-induced medulloblastoma apoptosis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2003 Nov. 30(4): 349-57.
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[7]Guerreiro AS,Fattet S,Kulesza DW,Atamer A,Elsing AN,Shalaby T,Jackson SP,Schoenwaelder SM,Grotzer MA,Delattre O,Arcaro A. A sensitized RNA interference screen identifies a novel role for the PI3K p110γ isoform in medulloblastoma cell proliferation and chemoresistance. Mol Cancer Res. 2011 Jul. 9(7): 925-35.
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[8]von Bueren AO,Shalaby T,Oehler-Jänne C,Arnold L,Stearns D,Eberhart CG,Arcaro A,Pruschy M,Grotzer MA. RNA interference-mediated c-MYC inhibition prevents cell growth and decreases sensitivity to radio- and chemotherapy in childhood medulloblastoma cells. BMC Cancer. 2009 Jan 10. 9(): 10.
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[9]Bobola MS,Finn LS,Ellenbogen RG,Geyer JR,Berger MS,Braga JM,Meade EH,Gross ME,Silber JR. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease activity is associated with response to radiation and chemotherapy in medulloblastoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2005 Oct 15. 11(20): 7405-14.
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[10]Patties I,Jahns J,Hildebrandt G,Kortmann RD,Glasow A. Additive effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and irradiation on clonogenic survival of human medulloblastoma cell lines. Strahlenther Onkol. 2009 May. 185(5): 331-8.
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预后

[1]Lai SF,Wang CW,Chen YH,Lan KH,Cheng JC,Cheng AL,Kuo SH. Medulloblastoma in adults. Treatment outcome, relapse patterns, and prognostic factors. Strahlenther Onkol. 2012 Oct. 188(10): 878-86.
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[2]Gerber NU,von Hoff K,von Bueren AO,Treulieb W,Deinlein F,Benesch M,Zwiener I,Soerensen N,Warmuth-Metz M,Pietsch T,Mittler U,Kuehl J,Kortmann RD,Grotzer MA,Rutkowski S. A long duration of the prediagnostic symptomatic interval is not associated with an unfavourable prognosis in childhood medulloblastoma. Eur J Cancer. 2012 Sep. 48(13): 2028-36.
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[3]Kim W,Choy W,Dye J,Nagasawa D,Safaee M,Fong B,Yang I. The tumor biology and molecular characteristics of medulloblastoma identifying prognostic factors associated with survival outcomes and prognosis. J Clin Neurosci. 2011 Jul. 18(7): 886-90.
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[4]Massimino M,Antonelli M,Gandola L,Miceli R,Pollo B,Biassoni V,Schiavello E,Buttarelli FR,Spreafico F,Collini P,Giangaspero F. Histological variants of medulloblastoma are the most powerful clinical prognostic indicators. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013 Feb. 60(2): 210-6.
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[5]Fellay CN,Frappaz D,Sunyach MP,Franceschi E,Brandes AA,Stupp R. Medulloblastomas in adults: prognostic factors and lessons from paediatrics. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011 Dec. 24(6): 626-32.
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