参考文献

流行病学

[1]The International Agency for Research on Cancer. GLOBOCAN 2008: Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide in 2008.
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病因

[1]陈坤, 张扬. 大肠癌危险因素的Meta分析. 浙江大学学报(医学版). 2002. (04): 30-34.
[2]焦登鳌, 沈高飞, 沈永洲, 郑国民. 大肠癌的病例对照调查研究. 浙江肿瘤通讯. 1986. (01): 4.
[3]焦登鳌, 吴德仁, 陈坤等. 大肠癌高发区嘉善县大肠癌危险因子的调查研究. 实用肿瘤学杂志. 1986. (02): 64-65.
[4]蔡善荣. 我国大肠癌高危因素的研究. 实用肿瘤杂志. 2003. (01): 68-70.
[5]Byers T. Diet, colorectal adenomas, and colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 20. 342(16): 1206-7.
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[6]Ho JW,Lam TH,Tse CW,Chiu LK,Lam HS,Leung PF,Ng KC,Ho SY,Woo J,Leung SS,Yuen ST. Smoking, drinking and colorectal cancer in Hong Kong Chinese: a case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2004 Apr 20. 109(4): 587-97.
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[7]Ye W,Romelsjö A,Augustsson K,Adami HO,Nyrén O. No excess risk of colorectal cancer among alcoholics followed for up to 25 years. Br J Cancer. 2003 Apr 7. 88(7): 1044-6.
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[8]Wakai K,Hayakawa N,Kojima M,Tamakoshi K,Watanabe Y,Suzuki K,Hashimoto S,Tokudome S,Toyoshima H,Ito Y,Tamakoshi A. Smoking and colorectal cancer in a non-Western population: a prospective cohort study in Japan. J Epidemiol. 2003 Nov. 13(6): 323-32.
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病理解剖

[1]Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B, Kudo S, et al. Tumor of the colon and rectum. In: Hamilton SR, Aaltonen LA, eds. World Health Organization classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics of digestive system. Lyon: IARC Press, 2000. 103-142.

病理生理

[1]郑树. 结直肠肛管癌的病因学. 见: 蔡三军主编. 结直肠肛管癌. 北京: 北京大学医学出版社, 2006,3: 37-40.

筛检

[1]Smith RA, Cokkinides V, Eyre HJ (2006) American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2006. CA Cancer J Clin 56: 11-25; quiz 49-50

问诊与查体

[1]Ries LAG, Melbert D, Krapcho M, et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2004, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD. 2007.
[2]du Toit J,Hamilton W,Barraclough K. Risk in primary care of colorectal cancer from new onset rectal bleeding: 10 year prospective study. BMJ. 2006 Jul 8. 333(7558): 69-70.
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[3]Butterworth AS,Higgins JP,Pharoah P. Relative and absolute risk of colorectal cancer for individuals with a family history: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2006 Jan. 42(2): 216-27.
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[4]Kanellos D,Kitsios G,Kanellos I,Demetriades H,Pramateftakis MG,Angelopoulos S,Betsis D. Anaemia as a symptom of right colon cancer. Tech Coloproctol. 2004 Nov. 8 Suppl 1(): s62-4.
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[5]Colditz GA,Cannuscio CC,Frazier AL. Physical activity and reduced risk of colon cancer: implications for prevention. Cancer Causes Control. 1997 Jul. 8(4): 649-67.
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辅助检查

[1]Kanellos D,Kitsios G,Kanellos I,Demetriades H,Pramateftakis MG,Angelopoulos S,Betsis D. Anaemia as a symptom of right colon cancer. Tech Coloproctol. 2004 Nov. 8 Suppl 1(): s62-4.
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[2]Lièvre A,Bachet JB,Boige V,Cayre A,Le Corre D,Buc E,Ychou M,Bouché O,Landi B,Louvet C,André T,Bibeau F,Diebold MD,Rougier P,Ducreux M,Tomasic G,Emile JF,Penault-Llorca F,Laurent-Puig P. KRAS mutations as an independent prognostic factor in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jan 20. 26(3): 374-9.
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[3]Amado RG,Wolf M,Peeters M,Van Cutsem E,Siena S,Freeman DJ,Juan T,Sikorski R,Suggs S,Radinsky R,Patterson SD,Chang DD. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Apr 1. 26(10): 1626-34.
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诊断标准

[1]王强 结直肠癌的分期演变和发展 上海科学技术出版社 上海:1998

诊断程序

[1]Rockey DC,Cello JP. Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with iron-deficiency anemia. N Engl J Med. 1993 Dec 2. 329(23): 1691-5.
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[2]Raje D,Mukhtar H,Oshowo A,Ingham Clark C. What proportion of patients referred to secondary care with iron deficiency anemia have colon cancer? Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Aug. 50(8): 1211-4.
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[3]Macdonald JS. Carcinoembryonic antigen screening: pros and cons. Semin Oncol. 1999 Oct. 26(5): 556-60.
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治疗目标

[1]Laparoscopically assisted colectomy is as safe and effective as open colectomy in people with colon cancer Abstracted from: Nelson H, Sargent D, Wieand HS, et al; for the Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group. A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2050-2059. Cancer Treat Rev. 2004 Dec. 30(8): 707-9.
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[2]Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in B2 colon cancer. International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of B2 Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) Investigators. J Clin Oncol. 1999 May. 17(5): 1356-63.
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[3]Gill S,Loprinzi CL,Sargent DJ,Thomé SD,Alberts SR,Haller DG,Benedetti J,Francini G,Shepherd LE,Francois Seitz J,Labianca R,Chen W,Cha SS,Heldebrant MP,Goldberg RM. Pooled analysis of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy for stage II and III colon cancer: who benefits and by how much? J Clin Oncol. 2004 May 15. 22(10): 1797-806.
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[4]Mamounas E,Wieand S,Wolmark N,Bear HD,Atkins JN,Song K,Jones J,Rockette H. Comparative efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Dukes' B versus Dukes' C colon cancer: results from four National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project adjuvant studies (C-01, C-02, C-03, and C-04) J Clin Oncol. 1999 May. 17(5): 1349-55.
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[5]Willett C,Tepper JE,Cohen A,Orlow E,Welch C,Donaldson G. Local failure following curative resection of colonic adenocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1984 May. 10(5): 645-51.
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[6]Willett C,Tepper JE,Cohen A,Orlow E,Welch C. Obstructive and perforative colonic carcinoma: patterns of failure. J Clin Oncol. 1985 Mar. 3(3): 379-84.
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[7]Gunderson LL,Sosin H,Levitt S. Extrapelvic colon--areas of failure in a reoperation series: implications for adjuvant therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1985 Apr. 11(4): 731-41.
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[8]Willett CG,Fung CY,Kaufman DS,Efird J,Shellito PC. Postoperative radiation therapy for high-risk colon carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Jun. 11(6): 1112-7.
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[9]Willett CG,Goldberg S,Shellito PC,Grossbard M,Clark J,Fung C,Proulx G,Daly M,Kaufman DS. Does postoperative irradiation play a role in the adjuvant therapy of stage T4 colon cancer? Cancer J Sci Am. 1999 Jul-Aug. 5(4): 242-7.
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[10]Schild SE,Gunderson LL,Haddock MG,Wong WW,Nelson H. The treatment of locally advanced colon cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Jan 1. 37(1): 51-8.
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[11]Martenson JA Jr,Willett CG,Sargent DJ,Mailliard JA,Donohue JH,Gunderson LL,Thomas CR Jr,Fisher B,Benson AB 3rd,Myerson R,Goldberg RM. Phase III study of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy compared with chemotherapy alone in the surgical adjuvant treatment of colon cancer: results of intergroup protocol 0130. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Aug 15. 22(16): 3277-83.
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治疗细则

[1]Lanza G,Matteuzzi M,Gafá R,Orvieto E,Maestri I,Santini A,del Senno L. Chromosome 18q allelic loss and prognosis in stage II and III colon cancer. Int J Cancer. 1998 Aug 21. 79(4): 390-5.
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[2]Jen J,Kim H,Piantadosi S,Liu ZF,Levitt RC,Sistonen P,Kinzler KW,Vogelstein B,Hamilton SR. Allelic loss of chromosome 18q and prognosis in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jul 28. 331(4): 213-21.
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[3]Moertel CG,Fleming TR,Macdonald JS,Haller DG,Laurie JA,Tangen CM,Ungerleider JS,Emerson WA,Tormey DC,Glick JH. Intergroup study of fluorouracil plus levamisole as adjuvant therapy for stage II/Dukes' B2 colon cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1995 Dec. 13(12): 2936-43.
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[4]Panettiere FJ,Goodman PJ,Costanzi JJ,Cruz AB Jr,Vaitkevicius VK,McCracken JD,Brownlee RW,Laufman L,Stephens RL,Bonnet J. Adjuvant therapy in large bowel adenocarcinoma: long-term results of a Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 1988 Jun. 6(6): 947-54.
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[5]. Adjuvant therapy of colon cancer--results of a prospectively randomized trial. Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1984 Mar 22. 310(12): 737-43.
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[6]De Gramont A, Banzi M, Navarro M, et al.: Oxaliplatin/5-FU/LV in adjuvant colon cancer: results of the international randomized MOSAIC trial. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 22: A-1015, 2003.
[7]Twelves C,Wong A,Nowacki MP,Abt M,Burris H 3rd,Carrato A,Cassidy J,Cervantes A,Fagerberg J,Georgoulias V,Husseini F,Jodrell D,Koralewski P,Kröning H,Maroun J,Marschner N,McKendrick J,Pawlicki M,Rosso R,Schüller J,Seitz JF,Stabuc B,Tujakowski J,Van Hazel G,Zaluski J,Scheithauer W. Capecitabine as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005 Jun 30. 352(26): 2696-704.
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[8]Wolmark N,Rockette H,Fisher B,Wickerham DL,Redmond C,Fisher ER,Jones J,Mamounas EP,Ore L,Petrelli NJ. The benefit of leucovorin-modulated fluorouracil as postoperative adjuvant therapy for primary colon cancer: results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project protocol C-03. J Clin Oncol. 1993 Oct. 11(10): 1879-87.
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[9]. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer. International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT) investigators. Lancet. 1995 Apr 15. 345(8955): 939-44.
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[10]Adson MA,van Heerden JA,Adson MH,Wagner JS,Ilstrup DM. Resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Arch Surg. 1984 Jun. 119(6): 647-51.
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[11]Gayowski TJ,Iwatsuki S,Madariaga JR,Selby R,Todo S,Irish W,Starzl TE. Experience in hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: analysis of clinical and pathologic risk factors. Surgery. 1994 Oct. 116(4): 703-10; discussion 710-1.
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[12]Hughes KS,Simon R,Songhorabodi S,Adson MA,Ilstrup DM,Fortner JG,Maclean BJ,Foster JH,Daly JM,Fitzherbert D. Resection of the liver for colorectal carcinoma metastases: a multi-institutional study of patterns of recurrence. Surgery. 1986 Aug. 100(2): 278-84.
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[13]Schlag P,Hohenberger P,Herfarth C. Resection of liver metastases in colorectal cancer--competitive analysis of treatment results in synchronous versus metachronous metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1990 Aug. 16(4): 360-5.
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[14]Girard P,Ducreux M,Baldeyrou P,Rougier P,Le Chevalier T,Bougaran J,Lasser P,Gayet B,Ruffié P,Grunenwald D. Surgery for lung metastases from colorectal cancer: analysis of prognostic factors. J Clin Oncol. 1996 Jul. 14(7): 2047-53.
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[15]McAfee MK,Allen MS,Trastek VF,Ilstrup DM,Deschamps C,Pairolero PC. Colorectal lung metastases: results of surgical excision. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992 May. 53(5): 780-5; discussion 785-6.
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[16]Headrick JR,Miller DL,Nagorney DM,Allen MS,Deschamps C,Trastek VF,Pairolero PC. Surgical treatment of hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colon cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001 Mar. 71(3): 975-9; discussion 979-80.
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[17]Saltz LB,Cox JV,Blanke C,Rosen LS,Fehrenbacher L,Moore MJ,Maroun JA,Ackland SP,Locker PK,Pirotta N,Elfring GL,Miller LL. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. Irinotecan Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000 Sep 28. 343(13): 905-14.
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[18]de Gramont A,Figer A,Seymour M,Homerin M,Hmissi A,Cassidy J,Boni C,Cortes-Funes H,Cervantes A,Freyer G,Papamichael D,Le Bail N,Louvet C,Hendler D,de Braud F,Wilson C,Morvan F,Bonetti A. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Aug. 18(16): 2938-47.
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[19]Douillard JY,Cunningham D,Roth AD,Navarro M,James RD,Karasek P,Jandik P,Iveson T,Carmichael J,Alakl M,Gruia G,Awad L,Rougier P. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet. 2000 Mar 25. 355(9209): 1041-7.
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[20]Tournigand C,André T,Achille E,Lledo G,Flesh M,Mery-Mignard D,Quinaux E,Couteau C,Buyse M,Ganem G,Landi B,Colin P,Louvet C,de Gramont A. FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jan 15. 22(2): 229-37.
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[21]Colucci G,Gebbia V,Paoletti G,Giuliani F,Caruso M,Gebbia N,Cartenì G,Agostara B,Pezzella G,Manzione L,Borsellino N,Misino A,Romito S,Durini E,Cordio S,Di Seri M,Lopez M,Maiello E,Montemurro S. Phase III randomized trial of FOLFIRI versus FOLFOX4 in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer: a multicenter study of the Gruppo Oncologico Dell'Italia Meridionale. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Aug 1. 23(22): 4866-75.
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[22]Díaz-Rubio E,Tabernero J,Gómez-España A,Massutí B,Sastre J,Chaves M,Abad A,Carrato A,Queralt B,Reina JJ,Maurel J,González-Flores E,Aparicio J,Rivera F,Losa F,Aranda E. Phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with continuous-infusion fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: final report of the Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumors Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 20. 25(27): 4224-30.
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[23]Porschen R,Arkenau HT,Kubicka S,Greil R,Seufferlein T,Freier W,Kretzschmar A,Graeven U,Grothey A,Hinke A,Schmiegel W,Schmoll HJ. Phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin compared with fluorouracil and leucovorin plus oxaliplatin in metastatic colorectal cancer: a final report of the AIO Colorectal Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 20. 25(27): 4217-23.
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[24]Hurwitz H,Fehrenbacher L,Novotny W,Cartwright T,Hainsworth J,Heim W,Berlin J,Baron A,Griffing S,Holmgren E,Ferrara N,Fyfe G,Rogers B,Ross R,Kabbinavar F. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 3. 350(23): 2335-42.
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[25]Giantonio BJ, Catalano PJ, Meropol NJ, et al.: High-dose bevacizumab improves survival when combined with FOLFOX4 in previously treated advanced colorectal cancer: results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) study E3200. J Clin Oncol 2005;23 (Suppl 16): A-2, 1s.
[26]Cunningham D,Humblet Y,Siena S,Khayat D,Bleiberg H,Santoro A,Bets D,Mueser M,Harstrick A,Verslype C,Chau I,Van Cutsem E. Cetuximab monotherapy and cetuximab plus irinotecan in irinotecan-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jul 22. 351(4): 337-45.
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[27]Van Cutsem E,Köhne CH,Hitre E,Zaluski J,Chang Chien CR,Makhson A,D'Haens G,Pintér T,Lim R,Bodoky G,Roh JK,Folprecht G,Ruff P,Stroh C,Tejpar S,Schlichting M,Nippgen J,Rougier P. Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Apr 2. 360(14): 1408-17.
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[28]Tol J,Koopman M,Cats A,Rodenburg CJ,Creemers GJ,Schrama JG,Erdkamp FL,Vos AH,van Groeningen CJ,Sinnige HA,Richel DJ,Voest EE,Dijkstra JR,Vink-Börger ME,Antonini NF,Mol L,van Krieken JH,Dalesio O,Punt CJ. Chemotherapy, bevacizumab, and cetuximab in metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 5. 360(6): 563-72.
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[29]Van Cutsem E,Peeters M,Siena S,Humblet Y,Hendlisz A,Neyns B,Canon JL,Van Laethem JL,Maurel J,Richardson G,Wolf M,Amado RG. Open-label phase III trial of panitumumab plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007 May 1. 25(13): 1658-64.
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治疗程序

[1]Engstrom PF,Arnoletti JP,Benson AB 3rd,Chen YJ,Choti MA,Cooper HS,Covey A,Dilawari RA,Early DS,Enzinger PC,Fakih MG,Fleshman J Jr,Fuchs C,Grem JL,Kiel K,Knol JA,Leong LA,Lin E,Mulcahy MF,Rao S,Ryan DP,Saltz L,Shibata D,Skibber JM,Sofocleous C,Thomas J,Venook AP,Willett C. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: colon cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2009 Sep. 7(8): 778-831.
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随访要点

[1]National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical practice guideline in oncology: colon cancer. 2010

预后

[1]Gill S,Blackstock AW,Goldberg RM. Colorectal cancer. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007 Jan. 82(1): 114-29.
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