鼻衄 - 参考文献
参考文献
流行病学
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| [2] | O'Donnell M, Robertson G, McGary GW: A new bipolar diathermy probe for the outpatient management of adult acute epistaxis. Clin Otolaryngol 1999; 24:537-541. |
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| [3] | Kotecha B, Fowler S, Harkness P, et al: Management of epistaxis: A national survey. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1996; 78:444-446. |
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| [4] | 于同法，张文汉，王春风，等。 耳鼻咽喉门诊疾病统计分析。耳鼻喉学报，1989；3：37-44 |
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| [6] | Petruson B: Epistaxis in childhood. Rhinology 1979; 17:83-90. |
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| [7] | Pallin DJ, Chng YM, McKay MP, et al: Epidemiology of epistaxis in U.S. emergency departments, 1992 to 2001. Ann Emerg Med 2005; 46(1):77-81. |
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| [8] | McGarry GW. Clinical aspects of adult idiopathic epistaxis. MD thesis held in the special collection at the University of Glasgow, 1996. |
病理解剖
| [1] | Lee HY, Kim HU, Kim SS, et al: Surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery in lateral nasal wall. Laryngoscope 2002; 112:1813-1818. |
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诊断程序
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| [2] | Katsanis E, Koon-Hung L, Hsu M: Prevalence and significance of mild bleeding disorders in children with recurrent epistaxis. J Pediatr 1988; 113:73-76. |
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| [3] | Kiley V, Stuart JJ, Johnson CA: Coagulation studies in children with isolated recurrent epistaxis. J Pediatrics 1982; 100:579-581. |
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| [4] | Temmel AF, Quint C, Toth J: Debate about blood pressure and epistaxis will continue. BMJ 2001; 322(7295):1181. |
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| [5] | Jackson KR, Jackson RT: Factors associated with active, refractory epistaxis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1988; 114:862-865. |
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| [6] | Srinvasan V, Patel H, John DG, et al: Warfarin and epistaxis: should warfarin always be discontinued?. Clin Otolaryngol 1997; 22:542-544. |
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| [7] | Tibbelin A, Aust R, Bende M: Effects of local tranexamic acid gel in the treatment of epistaxis. ORL. J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 1995; 57:207-209. |
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| [8] | Orlandi R.R., Lanza D.C.: Is nasal packing necessary following endoscopic sinus surgery?. Laryngoscope 114. (9): 1541-1544.2004; |
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| [9] | Douglas R., Wormald P.J.: Pterygopalatine fossa infiltration through the greater palatine foramen: where to bend the needle. Laryngoscope 116. (7): 1255-1257.2006; |
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| [10] | 马碧琼，曹锦康. 诊治严重鼻出血171例小结[J]临床耳鼻咽喉科杂志 , 1995, (04) |
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治疗细则
| [1] | Schaitkin B, Strauss M, Houck JR: Epistaxis: medical versus surgical therapy: a comparison of efficacy, complications and economic considerations. Laryngoscope 1987; 97:1392-1396. |
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| [2] | Gouglas R, Wormald P-J: Update on epistaxis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007; 15:180-183. |
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| [3] | Busch RF: A new vascular clip applier for internal maxillary and ethmoid artery ligations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 107:129-130. |
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| [4] | Thornton MA, Mahesh BN, Lang J: Posterior epistaxis: identification of common bleeding sites. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:588-590. |
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| [5] | Ram B, White PS, Saleh HA, et al: Endoscopic endonasal ligation of the sphenopalatine artery. Rhinology 2000; 38:147-149. |
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| [6] | Vaghela HM: Foley catheter posterior nasal packing. Clin Otolaryngol 2005; 30:209. |
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| [7] | Sproson E, Lanyon P, Al-Deiri M: Lessons learnt in the management of Wegener's granulomatosis: long-term follow-up of 60 patients. Rhinology 2007; 45:63-67. |
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| [8] | McGarry GW: Nasal endoscope in posterior epistaxis: a preliminary evaluation. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105:428-431. |
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| [9] | Frikart L, Agrifoglio A: Endoscopic treatment of posterior epistaxis. Rhinology 1998; 36:59-61. |
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| [10] | Barlow DW, Deleyiannis FWB, Pinczower EF: Effectiveness of surgical management of epistaxis at a tertiary care centre. Laryngoscope 1997; 107:210-240. |
| [11] | O’Leary-Stickney K, Makielski K, Weymuller EA: Rigid endoscopy for the control of epistaxis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992; 118:966-967. |
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| [12] | Van Wyk FC, Massey S, Worley G, et al: Do all epistaxis patients with a nasal pack need admission? A retrospective study of 116 patients managed in accident and emergency according to a peer reviewed protocol. J Laryngol Otol 2007; 121:222-227. |
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| [13] | Simmen D, Heinz B: Epistaxis strategy—experiences with the last 360 hospitalizations [in German]. Laryngorhinootologie 1998; 77:100-106. |
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| [14] | Biswas D, Wilson H, Mal R: Use of systemic prophylactic antibiotics with anterior nasal packing in England, UK. Clin Otolaryngol 2006; 31:566-567. |
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| [15] | Schaitkin B, Strauss M, Houck JR: Epistaxis: medical versus surgical therapy: a comparison of efficacy, complications and economic considerations. Laryngoscope 1987; 97:1392-1396. |
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| [16] | Strong EB, Bell DA, Johnson LP, et al: Intractable epistaxis: transantral ligation vs embolisation: efficacy review and cost analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 113:674-678. |
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| [17] | Waldron J, Stafford N: Ligation of the external carotid artery for severe epistaxis. J Otolaryngol 1992; 21:249-251 |
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| [18] | Pope LE, Hobbs CG: Epistaxis: an update on current management. Postgrad Med J 2005; 81:309-314. |
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| [19] | Wareing MJ, Padgham ND: Osteologic classification of the sphenopalatine foramen. Laryngoscope 1998; 108:125-127. |
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| [20] | Simmen D, Raghavan U, Manestar M, et al: The anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery for the endoscopic sinus surgeon. Am J Rhinol 2006; 20:502-505 |
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| [21] | Abdelkader M, Leong SC, White PS: Endoscopic control of the sphenopalatine artery for epistaxis: long-term results. J Laryngol Otol 2007; 121:759-762. |
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| [22] | Elahi MM, Parnes LS, Fox AJ, et al: Therapeutic embolisation in the treatment of intractable epistaxis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995; 121:65-69. |
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| [23] | Siniluoto TMJ, Leinonen ASS, Kartunen AI, et al: Embolization for the treatment of posterior epistaxis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993; 119:837-841. |
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| [24] | Koh E, Frazzini VI, Kagetsu NJ: Epistaxis—vascular anatomy, origins and endovascular treatment. Am J Roentgenol 2000; 174:845-851. |
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| [25] | Schlegel C, Siekmann U, Linder T: Non-invasive treatment of intractable posterior epistaxis with hot-water irrigation. Rhinology 2006; 44:90-93. |
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| [26] | Guice NL: Hot water in epistaxis. Mississippi Valley Medical Monthly 1884; 2:3-4. |
| [27] | Stangerup SE, Dommerby H, Siim C, et al: New modification of hot water irrigation in the treatment of posterior epistaxis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 125:686-690. |
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| [28] | Woolford TJ, Jones NS: Endoscopic ligation of the anterior ethmoid artery in treatment of epistaxis. J Laryngol Otol 2000; 114:858-860. |
| [29] | Lee WC, Ku PK, van Hasselt CA: New guidelines for endoscopic localisation of the anterior ethmoidal artery: a cadaveric study. Laryngoscope 2000; 110:1173-1178. |
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| [30] | Moon HJ, Kim HU, Lee JG, et al: Surgical anatomy of the anterior ethmoid roof. Laryngoscope 2001; 111:900-904. |
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| [31] | Hitchings AE, Lennox PA, Lund VJ, et al: The effect of treatment for epistaxis secondary to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Am J Rhinol 2005; 19:75-78. |
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