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乙型病毒性肝炎 - 参考文献

概览: 简介; 名称与编码; 精要; 历史; 致谢; 缩略语表

基础: 定义; 流行病学; 病因; 病理解剖; 病理生理; 分类分型

预防: 预防; 筛检

诊断: 问诊与查体; 疾病演变; 辅助检查; 并发症; 诊断标准; 诊断程序; 鉴别诊断

治疗: 治疗目标; 治疗细则; 管理与监测; 治疗程序; 治疗进展; 护理与照顾

随访: 随访要点; 预后; 患者教育

临床资料: 诊疗指南; 临床路径; 病例; 临床问题

文献资料: 参考文献; 网络资源; 推荐文献; 课件; 图片

参考文献

历史

[1]	Zuckerman AJ. The history of viral hepatitis from antiquity to the present. In F. Dienhardt and J. Deinhardt (eds.),Viral hepatitis: Laboratory and clinical science. 1983. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 3-32.

[2]	Findlay GM, Maccallum FO. Hepatitis and Jaundice Associated with Immunization against Certain Virus Diseases: (Section of Comparative Medicine). Proc R Soc Med. 1938. 31(7): 799-806.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[3]	MacCALLUM FO. Recent advances in infective hepatitis and serum hepatitis. Abstr Int Congr Trop Med Malar. 1948. 56(4th Congr): 34.

[4]	Krugman S. Epidemiology of Virus Hepatitis [Abridged]. Proc R Soc Med. 1964. 57(11): 1077
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[5]	Blumberg BS, Alter HJ, Visnich S. A 'new' antigen in leukemia sera. J Amer Med Assoc. 1965. 191: 541-546.
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[6]	Blumberg BS, Alter HJ. Precipitating antibodies against a serum protein (“Australia antigen”) in the serum of transfused hemophilia patients. J Clin Invest. 1965. 44: 1029.

[7]	Fadell EJ. Hepatitis-Associated antigen. Lancet. 1970. 2(7669): 418.

[8]	胡国强，朱建新. 认识肝炎病毒的历史. 中华医史杂志. 1994. 24(4): 200-202.
	摘要

[9]	YALOW RS, GLICK SM, ROTH J, BERSON SA. RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF HUMAN PLASMA ACTH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1964. 24: 1219-25.

[10]	Walsh JH, Yalow RS, Berson SA. Radioimmunoassay of Australia antigen. Vox Sang. 1970. 19(3): 217-24.
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[11]	Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M. Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis. Lancet. 1970. 1(7649): 695-8.

[12]	Almeida JD. Electron microscope findings in the field of serum hepatitis. Proc R Soc Med. 1971. 64(3): 276.
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[13]	Magnius LO, Espmark JA. New specificities in Australia antigen positive sera distinct from the Le Bouvier determinants. J Immunol. 1972. 109(5): 1017-21.
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[14]	Magnius LO, Lindholm A, Lundin P, Iwarson S. A new antigen-antibody system. Clinical significance in long-term carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen. JAMA. 1975. 231(4): 356-9.
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[15]	Krugman S, Giles JP, Hammond J. Viral hepatitis, type B (MS-2 strain). Studies on active immunization. JAMA. 1971. 217(1): 41-5.
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[16]	Krugman S, Giles JP, Hammond J. Viral hepatitis, type B (MS-2 strain) prevention with specific hepatitis B immune serum globulin. JAMA. 1971. 218(11): 1665-70.
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[17]	Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Harley EJ, et al. Hepatitis B vaccine: demonstration of efficacy in a controlled clinical trial in a high-risk population in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1980. 303(15): 833-41.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[18]	McAleer WJ, Buynak EB, Maigetter RZ, Wampler DE, Miller WJ, Hilleman MR. Human hepatitis B vaccine from recombinant yeast. Nature. 1984. 307(5947): 178-80.
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[19]	肖志梅. 美国批准聚乙二醇化干扰素α-2a用于治疗乙型肝炎. 中国药师. 2006. 9(2): 131.
	摘要

[20]	Dienstag JL, Perrillo RP, Schiff ER, Bartholomew M, Vicary C, Rubin M. A preliminary trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B infection. N Engl J Med. 1995. 333(25): 1657-61.
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流行病学

[1]	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南. 中华流行病学杂志. 2006. 27(1): 79-88.
	全文链接

[2]	World Health Organization. Hepatitis B. World Health Organization Fact Sheet 204 dex. (Revised October 2000). WHO Web site.
	全文链接

[3]	EASL International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis B. J Hepatol，2003, 39 (Suppl):S3-S25.

[4]	Gish RG, Gadano AC. Chronic hepatitis B: current epidemiology in the Americas and implications for management. J Viral Hepat. 2006. 13(12): 787-98.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[5]	Alter MJ. Epidemiology of hepatitis B in Europe and worldwide. J Hepatol. 2003. 39 Suppl 1: S64-9.
	全文链接 \| PDF全文

[6]	Liang X,Bi S,Yang W,Wang L,Cui G,Cui F,Zhang Y,Liu J,Gong X,Chen Y,Wang F,Zheng H,Wang F,Guo J,Jia Z,Ma J,Wang H,Luo H,Li L,Jin S,Hadler SC,Wang Y. Epidemiological serosurvey of hepatitis B in China--declining HBV prevalence due to hepatitis B vaccination. Vaccine. 2009 Nov 5. 27(47): 6550-7.
	pubmed摘要

[7]	Liang X,Bi S,Yang W,Wang L,Cui G,Cui F,Zhang Y,Liu J,Gong X,Chen Y,Wang F,Zheng H,Wang F,Guo J,Jia Z,Ma J,Wang H,Luo H,Li L,Jin S,Hadler SC,Wang Y. Evaluation of the impact of hepatitis B vaccination among children born during 1992-2005 in China. J Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 1. 200(1): 39-47.
	pubmed摘要 \| PDF全文

[8]	Lu FM,Zhuang H. Management of hepatitis B in China. Chin Med J (Engl). 2009 Jan 5. 122(1): 3-4.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[9]	梁晓峰, 王晓军. 中国3 岁以上人群乙型肝炎血清流行病学研究. 中华流行病学杂志. 2005. 26:655-658.
	摘要 \| 全文链接

[10]	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南. 中华流行病学杂志. 2006. 27(1): 79-88
	全文链接

[11]	范金水, 李远贵. 我国8 城市HBsAg 阳性和阴性乙型肝炎患者的病毒血清型和基因型分析. 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志. 1998. 18:88-91.
	摘要 \| 全文链接

病因

[1]	Seeger C, Mason WS. Hepatitis B virus biology. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2000. 64(1): 51-68
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[2]	Strader DB, Wright T, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2004. 39(4): 1147-71.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[3]	Scaglioni PP, Melegari M, Wands JR. Biologic properties of hepatitis B viral genomes with mutations in the precore promoter and precore open reading frame. Virology. 1997. 233(2): 374-81.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[4]	Hu KQ. Occult hepatitis B virus infection and its clinical implications. J Viral Hepat. 2002. 9(4): 243-57.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[5]	Basaras M, Arrese E, Blanco S, Sota M, de las Heras B, Cisterna R. Characterization of hepatitis B virus genotypes in chronically infected patients. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2007. 20(4): 442-5.
	pubmed摘要 \| PDF全文

[6]	Yuen MF, Lai CL. Hepatitis B virus genotypes: natural history and implications for treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007. 1(2): 321-8.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[7]	Olinger CM,Jutavijittum P,Hübschen JM,Yousukh A,Samountry B,Thammavong T,Toriyama K,Muller CP. Possible new hepatitis B virus genotype, southeast Asia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Nov. 14(11): 1777-80.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[8]	Janssen HL, van ZM, Senturk H, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005. 365(9454): 123-9.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[9]	Zhu CT, Dong CL. Characteristics of general distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in China. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2009. 8(4): 397-401.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[10]	Wen WH,Chen HL,Ni YH,Hsu HY,Kao JH,Hu FC,Chang MH. Secular trend of the viral genotype distribution in children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection after universal infant immunization. Hepatology. 2011 Feb. 53(2): 429-36.
	pubmed摘要

病理解剖

[1]	病毒性肝炎防治方案. 中华内科杂志. 2001. 40(1): 65-71.
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[2]	Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC, et al. Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology. 1981. 1(5): 431-5.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[3]	Ishak K, Baptista A, Bianchi L, et al. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1995. 22(6): 696-9.

[4]	Scheuer PJ. Classification of chronic viral hepatitis: a need for reassessment. J Hepatol. 1991. 13(3): 372-4.

[5]	Chevallier M, Guerret S, Chossegros P, Gerard F, Grimaud JA. A histological semiquantitative scoring system for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis in needle liver biopsy specimens: comparison with morphometric studies. Hepatology. 1994. 20(2): 349-55.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[6]	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南. 中华流行病学杂志. 2006. 27(1): 79-88.
	全文链接

病理生理

[1]	Ganem D, Prince AM. Hepatitis B virus infection--natural history and clinical consequences. N Engl J Med. 2004. 350(11): 1118-29.
	全文链接 \| PDF全文

[2]	Guidotti LG, Rochford R, Chung J, Shapiro M, Purcell R, Chisari FV. Viral clearance without destruction of infected cells during acute HBV infection. Science. 1999. 284(5415): 825-9.
	pubmed摘要

[3]	Bertoletti A, Naoumov NV. Translation of immunological knowledge into better treatments of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2003. 39(1): 115-24.
	全文链接 \| PDF全文

[4]	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会, Diseases CSoHaCSoI, 等. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2010年版)[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2011,19(1):13-24

[5]	Lai CL,Ratziu V,Yuen MF,Poynard T. Viral hepatitis B. Lancet. 2003 Dec 20. 362(9401): 2089-94.
	pubmed摘要

[6]	中华医学会肝病学分会、感染病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2005,13(12):881-891.

[7]	Pan CQ, Zhang JX. Natural History and Clinical Consequences of Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Int J Med Sci. 2005. 2(1): 36-40.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[8]	Pungpapong S, Kim WR, Poterucha JJ. Natural history of hepatitis B virus infection: an update for clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007. 82(8): 967-75.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[9]	Liaw YF. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and long-term outcome under treatment. Liver Int. 2009 Jan. 29 Suppl 1(): 100-7.
	pubmed摘要

[10]	Liaw YF. Hepatitis flares and hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion: implication in anti-hepatitis B virus therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Mar. 18(3): 246-52.
	pubmed摘要

[11]	Leung N. Chronic hepatitis B in Asian women of childbearing age. Hepatol Int. 2009 Dec. 3 Suppl 1(): 24-31.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[12]	Chu CM,Hung SJ,Lin J,Tai DI,Liaw YF. Natural history of hepatitis B e antigen to antibody seroconversion in patients with normal serum aminotransferase levels. Am J Med. 2004 Jun 15. 116(12): 829-34.
	pubmed摘要

[13]	Fattovich G, Brollo L, Alberti A, Pontisso P, Giustina G, Realdi G. Long-term follow-up of anti-HBe-positive chronic active hepatitis B. Hepatology. 1988. 8(6): 1651-4.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[14]	Brunetto MR, Oliveri F, Rocca G, et al. Natural course and response to interferon of chronic hepatitis B accompanied by antibody to hepatitis B e antigen. Hepatology. 1989. 10(2): 198-202.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[15]	Di MV, Lo IO, Camma C, et al. The long-term course of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 1999. 30(1): 257-64.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[16]	Chu CM,Liaw YF. Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis: natural history and treatment. Semin Liver Dis. 2006 May. 26(2): 142-52.
	pubmed摘要

[17]	Chen YC,Chu CM,Yeh CT,Liaw YF. Natural course following the onset of cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a long-term follow-up study. Hepatol Int. 2007 Mar. 1(1): 267-73.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[18]	Hsu YS, Chien RN, Yeh CT, et al. Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2002. 35(6): 1522-7.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[19]	Yu MW,Yeh SH,Chen PJ,Liaw YF,Lin CL,Liu CJ,Shih WL,Kao JH,Chen DS,Chen CJ. Hepatitis B virus genotype and DNA level and hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective study in men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Feb 16. 97(4): 265-72.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[20]	Chou YC,Yu MW,Wu CF,Yang SY,Lin CL,Liu CJ,Shih WL,Chen PJ,Liaw YF,Chen CJ. Temporal relationship between hepatitis B virus enhancer II/basal core promoter sequence variation and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut. 2008 Jan. 57(1): 91-7.
	pubmed摘要

[21]	Chen CJ,Yang HI,Su J,Jen CL,You SL,Lu SN,Huang GT,Iloeje UH. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA. 2006 Jan 4. 295(1): 65-73.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[22]	Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF, et al. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2002. 347(3): 168-74.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[23]	Iloeje UH,Yang HI,Su J,Jen CL,You SL,Chen CJ. Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load. Gastroenterology. 2006 Mar. 130(3): 678-86.
	pubmed摘要

[24]	Tai DI, Chen CH, Chang TT, et al. Eight-year nationwide survival analysis in relatives of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: role of viral infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002. 17(6): 682-9.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

预防

[1]	2006年～2010年全国乙型病毒性肝炎防治规划. 中国实用乡村医生杂志. 2006. 13(8): 1-4.

[2]	梁晓峰. 我国病毒性肝炎流行特征及对策. 临床肝胆病杂志. 2010. 26(6): 561-564.

[3]	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南. 中华流行病学杂志. 2006. 27(1): 79-88.
	全文链接

[4]	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2010年版). 中华肝脏病杂志. 2011. 19(1): 13-24.

[5]	夏国良, 王继杰, 贾志远, 刘崇柏. 重组乙型肝炎疫苗阻断乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播方案的保护效果评价. 中华流行病学杂志. 2003. 24(5): 362-365.
	摘要

[6]	廖雪雁, 庄辉. 乙型肝炎疫苗接种前不筛查是安全的. 中国预防医学杂志. 2010. (10): 973-974.

[7]	李雅娟, 庄辉. 乙型肝炎疫苗的不良反应. 传染病信息. 2007. (01): 36-37+41.

[8]	Zanetti AR,Mariano A,Romanò L,D'Amelio R,Chironna M,Coppola RC,Cuccia M,Mangione R,Marrone F,Negrone FS,Parlato A,Zamparo E,Zotti C,Stroffolini T,Mele A. Long-term immunogenicity of hepatitis B vaccination and policy for booster: an Italian multicentre study. Lancet. 2005 Oct 15-21. 366(9494): 1379-84.
	pubmed摘要

[9]	John TJ,Cooksley G. Hepatitis B vaccine boosters: is there a clinical need in high endemicity populations? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jan. 20(1): 5-10.
	pubmed摘要

[10]	Mast EE, Weinbaum CM, Fiore AE, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: immunization of adults. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006. 55(RR-16): 1-33; quiz CE1-4.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[11]	韩忠厚, 钟连华, 王佳等. 妊娠晚期孕妇注射乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白对其血清HBVDNA及新生儿抗-HBs的影响. 中华内科杂志. 2007. (05): 376-378.

[12]	孙玉革, 庄辉, 韩忠厚等. 孕晚期注射乙肝免疫球蛋白对乙型肝炎病毒母婴传播阻断率影响的探讨. 中华实验和临床感染病杂志(电子版). 2007. (03): 161-163.

[13]	李衍. 乙肝孕妇该不该注射免疫球蛋白——访中国工程院院士、北京大学医学部庄辉教授. 家庭医药. 2006. (8): 10-11.

问诊与查体

[1]	Ghendon Y. Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in high-incidence countries. J Virol Methods. 1987. 17(1-2): 69-79.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[2]	ACOG educational bulletin. Viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Number 248, July 1998 (replaces No. 174, November 1992). American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1998. 63(2): 195-202.
	pubmed摘要

[3]	Goldstein ST, Alter MJ, Williams IT, et al. Incidence and risk factors for acute hepatitis B in the United States, 1982-1998: implications for vaccination programs. J Infect Dis. 2002. 185(6): 713-9.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[4]	Thio CL. Hepatitis B in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: epidemiology, natural history, and treatment. Semin Liver Dis. 2003. 23(2): 125-36.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[5]	Strader DB. Understudied populations with hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2002. 36(5 Suppl 1): S226-36.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

疾病演变

[1]	McMahon BJ, Holck P, Bulkow L, Snowball M. Serologic and clinical outcomes of 1536 Alaska Natives chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. Ann Intern Med. 2001. 135(9): 759-68.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[2]	Bortolotti F, Cadrobbi P, Crivellaro C, et al. Long-term outcome of chronic type B hepatitis in patients who acquire hepatitis B virus infection in childhood. Gastroenterology. 1990. 99(3): 805-10.
	pubmed摘要

[3]	梁晓峰, 王晓军, 陈丽娟, 林长缨, 严俊, 于竞进. 中国3岁以上人群乙型肝炎血清流行病学研究. 中华流行病学杂志. 2005. 26(9): 655-658.
	摘要 \| 全文链接

[4]	Liaw YF, Tai DI, Chu CM, Chen TJ. The development of cirrhosis in patients with chronic type B hepatitis: a prospective study. Hepatology. 1988. 8(3): 493-6.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[5]	Hsu YS, Chien RN, Yeh CT, et al. Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2002. 35(6): 1522-7.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[6]	Fattovich G, Brollo L, Alberti A, Pontisso P, Giustina G, Realdi G. Long-term follow-up of anti-HBe-positive chronic active hepatitis B. Hepatology. 1988. 8(6): 1651-4.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[7]	Brunetto MR, Oliveri F, Rocca G, et al. Natural course and response to interferon of chronic hepatitis B accompanied by antibody to hepatitis B e antigen. Hepatology. 1989. 10(2): 198-202.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[8]	Di MV, Lo IO, Camma C, et al. The long-term course of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 1999. 30(1): 257-64.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[9]	EASL International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2003. 39(Suppl):S3-S25.

[10]	Strader DB, Wright T, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2004. 39(4): 1147-71.
	全文链接 \| PDF全文

[11]	Liaw YF, Sung JJ, Chow WC, et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2004. 351(15): 1521-31.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[12]	Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF, et al. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2002. 347(3): 168-74.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[13]	Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat. 2004. 11(2): 97-107.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[14]	Tai DI, Chen CH, Chang TT, et al. Eight-year nationwide survival analysis in relatives of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: role of viral infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002. 17(6): 682-9.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

并发症

[1]	EASL International Consensus Conference on Hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2003. 39(Suppl):S3-S25.

[2]	Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat. 2004. 11(2): 97-107.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[3]	Lee WM. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med. 1997. 337(24): 1733-45.
	全文链接 \| PDF全文

[4]	Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF, et al. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2002. 347(3): 168-74.
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[5]	Bosch FX, Ribes J, Cleries R, Diaz M. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis. 2005. 9(2): 191-211, v.
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[6]	Tai DI, Chen CH, Chang TT, et al. Eight-year nationwide survival analysis in relatives of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: role of viral infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002. 17(6): 682-9
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诊断程序

[1]	Liaw YF, Leung N, Kao JH, et al. Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2008 update. Hepatol Int. 2008. 2(3): 263-283.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[2]	Liver EAFTSOT. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2009. 50(2): 227-42.
	全文链接 \| PDF全文

[3]	Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009. 50(3): 661-2.
	PDF全文

治疗目标

[1]	Hoofnagle JH, Doo E, Liang TJ, Fleischer R, Lok AS. Management of hepatitis B: summary of a clinical research workshop. Hepatology. 2007. 45(4): 1056-75.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[2]	Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009. 50(3): 661-2.
	PDF全文

[3]	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南. 中华流行病学杂志. 2006. 27(1): 79-88.
	全文链接

[4]	Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2007. 45(2): 507-39.
	全文链接 \| PDF全文

[5]	Keeffe EB, Dieterich DT, Han SH, et al. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: 2008 update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008. 6(12): 1315-41; quiz 1286.
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[6]	Liaw YF, Leung N, Kao JH, et al. Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2008 update. Hepatol Int. 2008. 2(3): 263-283
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[7]	Liver EAFTSOT. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2009. 50(2): 227-42.
	全文链接 \| PDF全文

[8]	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会, Diseases CSoHaCSoI, Association CM. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2010年版). 中华肝脏病杂志. 2011. 19(1): 13-24.

治疗细则

[1]	Liver EAFTSOT. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2009. 50(2): 227-42.
	全文链接 \| PDF全文

[2]	Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009. 50(3): 661-2.
	PDF全文

[3]	Schalm SW, Heathcote J, Cianciara J, et al. Lamivudine and alpha interferon combination treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: a randomised trial. Gut. 2000. 46(4): 562-8.
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[4]	Marcellin P, Lau GK, Bonino F, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2004. 351(12): 1206-17.
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[5]	Chan HL, Hui AY, Wong VW, Chim AM, Wong ML, Sung JJ. Long-term follow-up of peginterferon and lamivudine combination treatment in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2005. 41(6): 1357-64.
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[6]	Lau GK, Piratvisuth T, Luo KX, et al. Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2005. 352(26): 2682-95.
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[7]	Janssen HL, van ZM, Senturk H, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005. 365(9454): 123-9.
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[8]	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会, Diseases CSoHaCSoI, 等. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2010年版). 中华肝脏病杂志, 2011,19:13-24.

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[10]	王瑶芬, 王瑶霞, 余琼华. 聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎的Meta分析. 中国循证医学杂志. 2009. 9(10): 1080-1086.
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[11]	Wong DK, Cheung AM, O'Rourke K, Naylor CD, Detsky AS, Heathcote J. Effect of alpha-interferon treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1993. 119(4): 312-23.
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[14]	Manesis EK, Hadziyannis SJ. Interferon alpha treatment and retreatment of hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2001. 121(1): 101-9.
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[15]	Brunetto MR, Oliveri F, Coco B, et al. Outcome of anti-HBe positive chronic hepatitis B in alpha-interferon treated and untreated patients: a long term cohort study. J Hepatol. 2002. 36(2): 263-70.
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[16]	Papatheodoridis GV, Manesis E, Hadziyannis SJ. The long-term outcome of interferon-alpha treated and untreated patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2001. 34(2): 306-13.
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[17]	Lok AS, Lai CL, Leung N, et al. Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2003. 125(6): 1714-22.
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[18]	杨春, 肖永红, 管小琴, 袁哲. 拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的临床观察及病理学研究. 中华肝脏病杂志. 2004. 12(6): 364-367.
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[19]	Dienstag JL, Goldin RD, Heathcote EJ, et al. Histological outcome during long-term lamivudine therapy. Gastroenterology. 2003. 124(1): 105-17.
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[20]	Chien RN, Liaw YF, Atkins M. Pretherapy alanine transaminase level as a determinant for hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion during lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asian Hepatitis Lamivudine Trial Group. Hepatology. 1999. 30(3): 770-4.
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[21]	Liaw YF, Leung NW, Chang TT, et al. Effects of extended lamivudine therapy in Asian patients with chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. Gastroenterology. 2000. 119(1): 172-80.
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[22]	Lai CL, Chien RN, Leung NW, et al. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998. 339(2): 61-8.
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[23]	Liaw YF, Sung JJ, Chow WC, et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2004. 351(15): 1521-31.
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[24]	姚光弼, 崔振宇, 曾民德. 拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎三年疗效观察. 中华内科杂志. 2003. (06): 25-30.
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[25]	Marcellin P, Chang TT, Lim SG, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2003. 348(9): 808-16.
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[26]	Macellin P, Chang TT, Lim S, et a. Long term efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil 10 mg in HBeAg + chronic hepatitis B patients: increasing serologic, virologic and biochemical response over time. Hepatology. 2004. 40 (4, suppl ):655A.

[27]	Chang TT, Chao YC, Sollano J, et a. Entecavir ( ETV) treatment through 96 weeks results in substantial virologic and biochemical improvement and HBeAg seroconversion in HBeAg(+) chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients (study ETV-022). Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2006, 21. 2006. 21(supp1 2): Abstract 52.

[28]	Shouval D, Akarca US, Hatzis G, et a. Continued virologic and biochemical improvement through 96 weeks of entecavir treatment in HBeAg(-) chronic hepatitis B patients (study ETV-027). Hepatol. 2006. 44 (suppl 2): Abstract 45.

[29]	Lai CL, Gane E, Liaw YF, et al. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2007. 357(25): 2576-88.
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[30]	贾继东, 侯金林, 尹有宽, 等. 替比夫定或拉米夫定抗乙型肝炎病毒的疗效预测探讨. 中华肝脏病杂志. 2007. 15(5):342-345.
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[31]	Bömmel v, De Man R, Stein K, et a. A multicenter analysis of antiviral response after one year of tenofovir mono-therapy in HBV-monoinfected patients with prior nucleos (t) ide analog experience. J Hepatol. 2008. 48: S32.

[32]	Lada O, Gervais A, Branger M, et a. Low rate of delayed response in lamivudine experienced HIV/HBV coinfected patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). J Hepatol. 2008. 48 : S259.

[33]	Hoofnagle JH, Di BAM, Waggoner JG, Park Y. Interferon alfa for patients with clinically apparent cirrhosis due to chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 1993. 104(4): 1116-21.
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[34]	Liver EAFTSOT. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2009. 50(2): 227-42.

[35]	Buster EH, Hansen BE, Buti M, et a. Peginterferon alpha-2b is safe and effective in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B patients with advanced fibrosis. Hepatology. 2007. 46:388–394.
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[36]	Fontana RJ, Hann HW, Perrillo RP, et al. Determinants of early mortality in patients with decompensated chronic hepatitis B treated with antiviral therapy. Gastroenterology. 2002. 123(3): 719-27.
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[37]	Yao FY, Bass NM. Lamivudine treatment in patients with severely decompensated cirrhosis due to replicating hepatitis B infection. J Hepatol. 2000. 33(2): 301-7.
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[38]	Villeneuve JP, Condreay LD, Willems B, et al. Lamivudine treatment for decompensated cirrhosis resulting from chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2000. 31(1): 207-10.
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[39]	Perrillo RP, Wright T, Rakela J, et al. A multicenter United States-Canadian trial to assess lamivudine monotherapy before and after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2001. 33(2): 424-32.
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[40]	Shim JH,Lee HC,Kim KM,Lim YS,Chung YH,Lee YS,Suh DJ. Efficacy of entecavir in treatment-naïve patients with hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010 Feb. 52(2): 176-82.
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[41]	Liaw YF,Raptopoulou-Gigi M,Cheinquer H,Sarin SK,Tanwandee T,Leung N,Peng CY,Myers RP,Brown RS Jr,Jeffers L,Tsai N,Bialkowska J,Tang S,Beebe S,Cooney E. Efficacy and safety of entecavir versus adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatic decompensation: A randomized open-label study. Hepatology. 2011 Apr 18. (): .
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[42]	Wong VW,Wong GL,Yiu KK,Chim AM,Chu SH,Chan HY,Sung JJ,Chan HL. Entecavir treatment in patients with severe acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2011 Feb. 54(2): 236-42.
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[43]	Lange CM, Bojunga J, Hofmann WP, et al. Severe lactic acidosis during treatment of chronic hepatitis B with entecavir in patients with impaired liver function. Hepatology. 2009. 50(6): 2001-6.
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[44]	Sasadeusz J. The anti-HIV antiviral activity of entecavir: the loss of a trusted friend. J Hepatol. 2007. 47(6): 872-4.
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[45]	McMahon MA, Jilek BL, Brennan TP, et al. The HBV drug entecavir - effects on HIV-1 replication and resistance. N Engl J Med. 2007. 356(25): 2614-21.
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[46]	Low E, Cox A, Atkins M, Nelson M. Telbivudine has activity against HIV-1. AIDS. 2009. 23(4): 546-7.
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[47]	Di MV, Thevenot T, Colin JF, et al. Influence of HIV infection on the response to interferon therapy and the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2002. 123(6): 1812-22.
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[48]	Gelinck LB, Claas EC, Kroon FP. The risk of adefovir monotherapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infected patients. J Hepatol. 2005. 43(2): 360-1; author reply 361.

[49]	Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009. 50(3): 661-2
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[50]	Jain MK, Comanor L, White C, et al. Treatment of hepatitis B with lamivudine and tenofovir in HIV/HBV-coinfected patients: factors associated with response. J Viral Hepat. 2007. 14(3): 176-82.
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[51]	Liu CJ, Chuang WL, Lee CM, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for the treatment of dual chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. Gastroenterology. 2009. 136(2): 496-504.e3.
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[52]	Liu CJ, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Kao JH, Jeng YM, Chen DS. Ribavirin and interferon is effective for hepatitis C virus clearance in hepatitis B and C dually infected patients. Hepatology. 2003. 37(3): 568-76
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[53]	Hung CH, Lee CM, Lu SN, et al. Combination therapy with interferon-alpha and ribavirin in patients with dual hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005. 20(5): 727-32
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[54]	Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology. 2009. 50(3): 661-2.
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[55]	Lau DT, Doo E, Park Y, et al. Lamivudine for chronic delta hepatitis. Hepatology. 1999. 30(2): 546-9.
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[56]	Yurdaydin C, Bozkaya H, Onder FO, et al. Treatment of chronic delta hepatitis with lamivudine vs lamivudine + interferon vs interferon. J Viral Hepat. 2008. 15(4): 314-21
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[57]	Castelnau C, Le GF, Ripault MP, et al. Efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2b in chronic hepatitis delta: relevance of quantitative RT-PCR for follow-up. Hepatology. 2006. 44(3): 728-35
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[58]	Niro GA, Ciancio A, Gaeta GB, et al. Pegylated interferon alpha-2b as monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin in chronic hepatitis delta. Hepatology. 2006. 44(3): 713-20.
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[59]	Erhardt A, Gerlich W, Starke C, et al. Treatment of chronic hepatitis delta with pegylated interferon-alpha2b. Liver Int. 2006. 26(7): 805-10.
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[60]	Farci P, Roskams T, Chessa L, et al. Long-term benefit of interferon alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis D: regression of advanced hepatic fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2004. 126(7): 1740-9.
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[61]	Hoofnagle JH, Doo E, Liang TJ, Fleischer R, Lok AS. Management of hepatitis B: summary of a clinical research workshop. Hepatology. 2007. 45(4): 1056-75.
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[62]	Moodley J, Moodley D, Pillay K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and antiretroviral activity of lamivudine alone or when coadministered with zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected pregnant women and their offspring. J Infect Dis. 1998. 178(5): 1327-33.
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[63]	Watts DH, Covington DL, Beckerman K, et al. Assessing the risk of birth defects associated with antiretroviral exposure during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004. 191(3): 985-92.
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[65]	Figlerowicz M, Kowala-Piaskowska A, Filipowicz M, Bujnowska A, Mozer-Lisewska I, Sluzewski W. Efficacy of lamivudine in the treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Res. 2005. 31(4): 217-22.
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[67]	Sokal EM, Conjeevaram HS, Roberts EA, et al. Interferon alfa therapy for chronic hepatitis B in children: a multinational randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 1998. 114(5): 988-95.
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[73]	Yeo W, Johnson PJ. Diagnosis, prevention and management of hepatitis B virus reactivation during anticancer therapy. Hepatology. 2006. 43(2): 209-20.
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[74]	Yeo W, Chan PK, Zhong S, et al. Frequency of hepatitis B virus reactivation in cancer patients undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy: a prospective study of 626 patients with identification of risk factors. J Med Virol. 2000. 62(3): 299-307.
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[77]	Chan TM, Fang GX, Tang CS, Cheng IK, Lai KN, Ho SK. Preemptive lamivudine therapy based on HBV DNA level in HBsAg-positive kidney allograft recipients. Hepatology. 2002. 36(5): 1246-52.
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[79]	Lau GK, Yiu HH, Fong DY, et al. Early is superior to deferred preemptive lamivudine therapy for hepatitis B patients undergoing chemotherapy. Gastroenterology. 2003. 125(6): 1742-9.
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[80]	Lau GK, He ML, Fong DY, et al. Preemptive use of lamivudine reduces hepatitis B exacerbation after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Hepatology. 2002. 36(3): 702-9.
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[81]	Uchiyama M, Tamai Y, Ikeda T. Entecavir as prophylaxis against hepatitis B virus reactivation following chemotherapy for lymphoma. Int J Infect Dis. 2009
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[82]	汤钰菁, 唐金模, 郑瑞丹. 拉米夫定治疗对干扰素无效的慢性乙型肝炎. 现代医药卫生. 2001. 17(4): 254
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[83]	周东辉, 邢益平, 黄祖瑚. 拉米夫定对干扰素治疗无效及复发的慢性乙型肝炎疗效观察. 江苏医药. 2000. 26　(12): 962.
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[85]	祝绍俊, 陈怀宇. 拉米夫定治疗对干扰素无应答慢性乙型肝炎临床评价. 广东医学. 2002. 23(S1): 170-171
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[86]	温帆渊, 谭斌, 李韶光等. 拉米夫定治疗干扰素无应答慢性乙型肝炎的生化病毒指标和临床病理研究. 中华医院感染学杂志. 2005. 15(8): 861-863.
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[87]	朱传武, 罗湘蓉, 杨齐英等. 拉米夫定治疗干扰素无应答HBeAg阳性慢性乙肝患者的疗效. 抗感染药学. 2009. 6(1): 54-58.
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[88]	叶欣, 石彦, Xin YE, Yan S. 阿德福韦酯治疗对α-干扰素无应答的慢性乙型肝炎的临床观察. 实用肝脏病杂志. 2007. 10(4): 242-243.
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[89]	薛蓉, 常家宝, 王建芳, Rong X, Jia-bao C, Jian-fang W. 慢性乙型肝炎患者干扰素治疗失败改用替比夫定再治疗的疗效观察. 中华肝脏病杂志. 2009. 17(7): 549-550.
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[90]	Colonno RJ RRE, Pokornowski K ea. Four-year assessment of ETV resistance in nucleoside-naive and lamivudine refractory patients. J Hepatol. 2007. 46(Suppl 1):S294-S294.

[91]	Sherman M, Yurdaydin C, Sollano J, et al. Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2006. 130(7): 2039-49.
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[92]	Peters MG, Hann HH, Martin P, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2004. 126(1): 91-101.
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[93]	Fung SK, Chae HB, Fontana RJ, et al. Virologic response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2006. 44(2): 283-90.
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[94]	Rapti I, Dimou E, Mitsoula P, Hadziyannis SJ. Adding-on versus switching-to adefovir therapy in lamivudine-resistant HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2007. 45(2): 307-13.
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[95]	Lampertico P, Vigano M, Manenti E, Iavarone M, Sablon E, Colombo M. Low resistance to adefovir combined with lamivudine: a 3-year study of 145 lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B patients. Gastroenterology. 2007. 133(5): 1445-51.
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[96]	van BF, Wunsche T, Mauss S, et al. Comparison of adefovir and tenofovir in the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology. 2004. 40(6): 1421-5.
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[97]	Kuo A, Dienstag JL, Chung RT. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004. 2(3): 266-72.
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[98]	Dore GJ, Cooper DA, Pozniak AL, et al. Efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral therapy-naive and -experienced patients coinfected with HIV-1 and hepatitis B virus. J Infect Dis. 2004. 189(7): 1185-92.
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[99]	Ristig MB, Crippin J, Aberg JA, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy for chronic hepatitis B in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B virus-coinfected individuals for whom interferon-alpha and lamivudine therapy have failed. J Infect Dis. 2002. 186(12): 1844-7.
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[100]	Villeneuve JP, Durantel D, Durantel S, et al. Selection of a hepatitis B virus strain resistant to adefovir in a liver transplantation patient. J Hepatol. 2003. 39(6): 1085-9.
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[101]	Choe WH, Kwon SY, Kim BK, et al. Tenofovir plus lamivudine as rescue therapy for adefovir-resistant chronic hepatitis B in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients with liver cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2008. 28(6): 814-20.
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[102]	Tan J, Degertekin B, Wong SN, Husain M, Oberhelman K, Lok AS. Tenofovir monotherapy is effective in hepatitis B patients with antiviral treatment failure to adefovir in the absence of adefovir-resistant mutations. J Hepatol. 2008. 48(3): 391-8.
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[103]	Seifer M, Patty A, Serra I, Li B, Standring DN. Telbivudine, a nucleoside analog inhibitor of HBV polymerase, has a different in vitro cross-resistance profile than the nucleotide analog inhibitors adefovir and tenofovir. Antiviral Res. 2009. 81(2): 147-55.
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[104]	Chan HL, Heathcote EJ, Marcellin P, et al. Treatment of hepatitis B e antigen positive chronic hepatitis with telbivudine or adefovir: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007. 147(11): 745-54.
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[105]	van ZM, van NAB, Niesters HG, de Man RA, Schalm SW, Janssen HL. Lamivudine treatment during pregnancy to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus infection. J Viral Hepat. 2003. 10(4): 294-7.
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[106]	王堂明, 邱波, 陈艳, 吴晓丽. 拉米夫定阻断乙肝病毒母婴传播的临床研究. 中国优生与遗传杂志. 2005. 13(12): 68-69.
	摘要

[107]	施敏凤, 李小毛, 贺晶等. 拉米夫定阻断乙型肝炎病毒宫内感染的研究. 中国综合临床. 2005. 21(1): 77-78.
	摘要

[108]	Wei-Min X, Yu-Tao C, Ling W, et a. Efficiacy and safety of lamivudine in late pregnancy for the prevention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus; a multicenter, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hepatology. 2004. 40(4, Suppl): 272A-273A.

[109]	Li XM, Yang YB, Hou HY, et al. Interruption of HBV intrauterine transmission: a clinical study. World J Gastroenterol. 2003. 9(7): 1501-3.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

管理与监测

[1]	中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南. 中华流行病学杂志. 2006. 27(1): 79-88.
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[2]	Liver EAFTSOT. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2009. 50(2): 227-42.
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[3]	Dienstag JL. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med. 2008. 359(14): 1486-500.
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[4]	Fisher EJ, Chaloner K, Cohn DL, et al. The safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with advanced HIV disease: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. AIDS. 2001. 15(13): 1695-700.
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[5]	Kahn J, Lagakos S, Wulfsohn M, et al. Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil with antiretroviral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999. 282(24): 2305-12.
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[6]	Marcellin P, Chang TT, Lim SG, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2003. 348(9): 808-16.
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[7]	Fontana RJ. Side effects of long-term oral antiviral therapy for hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2009. 49(5 Suppl): S185-95.
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[8]	Schiff E, Lai CL, Hadziyannis S, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for wait-listed and post-liver transplantation patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B: final long-term results. Liver Transpl. 2007. 13(3): 349-60.
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[9]	Fontaine H, Vallet-Pichard A, Chaix ML, et al. Efficacy and safety of adefovir dipivoxil in kidney recipients, hemodialysis patients, and patients with renal insufficiency. Transplantation. 2005. 80(8): 1086-92.
	pubmed摘要

[10]	Gish RG, Lok AS, Chang TT, et al. Entecavir therapy for up to 96 weeks in patients with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2007. 133(5): 1437-44.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[11]	Lai CL, Shouval D, Lok AS, et al. Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2006. 354(10): 1011-20
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[12]	Chang TT, Gish RG, de Man R, et al. A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2006. 354(10): 1001-10.
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[13]	Lange CM, Bojunga J, Hofmann WP, et al. Severe lactic acidosis during treatment of chronic hepatitis B with entecavir in patients with impaired liver function. Hepatology. 2009. 50(6): 2001-6.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[14]	Avila C, Goncalves J. Creatine Kinase Elevations During 4 Years of Continuous Telbivudine Treatment are Transient and Not Predictive of Uncommonly Observed Muscle-Related Symptoms. Poster # 472. Presented at 60th annual meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD). October 30- November 3. 2009. Boston.

[15]	蔡晧东, Haodong C. 替比夫定相关性肌酸激酶升高与肌病及其安全应用. 药物不良反应杂志. 2009. 11(4): 253-256,252.
	摘要

[16]	刘春玉, 谢志毅, 秦龙, Chunyu L, Zhiyi X, Long Q. 替比夫定少见不良反应:横纹肌溶解症. 药物不良反应杂志. 2009. 11(3): 201-203.
	摘要 \| 全文链接

[17]	蔡晧东. 替比夫定与干扰素联用引起的周围神经病的临床特点及防治. 药物不良反应杂志. 2009. 11(5): 346-350.
	摘要

[18]	Van Rompay KK, Durand-Gasselin L, Brignolo LL, et al. Chronic administration of tenofovir to rhesus macaques from infancy through adulthood and pregnancy: summary of pharmacokinetics and biological and virological effects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008. 52(9): 3144-60.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[19]	Marcellin P, Heathcote EJ, Buti M, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2008. 359(23): 2442-55.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[20]	Keeffe EB, Zeuzem S, Koff RS, et al. Report of an international workshop: Roadmap for management of patients receiving oral therapy for chronic hepatitis B. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007. 5(8): 890-7.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[21]	Hoofnagle JH, Doo E, Liang TJ, Fleischer R, Lok AS. Management of hepatitis B: summary of a clinical research workshop. Hepatology. 2007. 45(4): 1056-75.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[22]	Liaw YF, Chien RN, Yeh CT, Tsai SL, Chu CM. Acute exacerbation and hepatitis B virus clearance after emergence of YMDD motif mutation during lamivudine therapy. Hepatology. 1999. 30(2): 567-72.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[23]	Liu CJ, Huang WL, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Kao JH, Chen DS. End-of-treatment virologic response does not predict relapse after lamivudine treatment for chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol. 2004. 10(24): 3574-8.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[24]	Nagasaki F, Niitsuma H, Ueno Y, et al. The high incidence of the emergence of entecavir-resistant mutants among patients infected with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2007. 213(2): 181-6.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[25]	Colonno RJ RRE, Pokornowski K ea. Four-year assessment of ETV resistance in nucleoside-naive and lamivudine refractory patients. J Hepatol. 2007. 46(Suppl 1):S294-S294.

[26]	Sherman M, Yurdaydin C, Sollano J, et al. Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology. 2006. 130(7): 2039-49.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

[27]	Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology. 2007. 45(2): 507-39.
	全文链接 \| PDF全文

[28]	Liaw YF, Leung N, Kao JH, et al. Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2008 update. Hepatol Int. 2008. 2(3): 263-283.
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接 \| PDF全文

[29]	Keeffe EB, Dieterich DT, Han SH, et al. A treatment algorithm for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: 2008 update. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008. 6(12): 1315-41; quiz 1286
	pubmed摘要 \| 全文链接

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