参考文献

问诊与查体

[1]黎磊石,刘志红.中国肾脏病学(下册)[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2008

诊断标准

[1]陈香美.临床治疗指南•肾脏病学分册[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2011
[2]王海燕.肾脏病学[M].第3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2008

诊断程序

[1]王海燕.肾脏病学[M].第3版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2008

鉴别诊断

[1]钱桐荪.肾脏病学[M].第3版.北京:华夏出版社,2001

治疗细则

[1]Schierhout G,Roberts I. Fluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients: a systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ. 1998 Mar 28. 316(7136): 961-4.
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[2]Vincent JL,Gerlach H. Fluid resuscitation in severe sepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov. 32(11 Suppl): S451-4.
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[3]Ho KM,Sheridan DJ. Meta-analysis of frusemide to prevent or treat acute renal failure. BMJ. 2006 Aug 26. 333(7565): 420.
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[4]Howard PA,Dunn MI. Aggressive diuresis for severe heart failure in the elderly. Chest. 2001 Mar. 119(3): 807-10.
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[5]季大玺,龚德华,徐斌,等.连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗急性严重低钠血症[J].肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志,2002,11:781-784
[6]Alfonzo AV,Isles C,Geddes C,Deighan C. Potassium disorders--clinical spectrum and emergency management. Resuscitation. 2006 Jul. 70(1): 10-25.
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[7]龚德华,季大玺,徐斌,等.在严重出血倾向重危患者应用枸橼酸抗凝进行连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过治疗[J].肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志,2002,11:510-514
[8]Chertow GM,Burdick E,Honour M,Bonventre JV,Bates DW. Acute kidney injury, mortality, length of stay, and costs in hospitalized patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Nov. 16(11): 3365-70.
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[9]陈香美.临床技术操作规范•肾脏病学分册[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2009
[10]D'Intini V,Ronco C,Bonello M,Bellomo R. Renal replacement therapy in acute renal failure. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2004 Mar. 18(1): 145-57.
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[11]Liao Z,Zhang W,Hardy PA,Poh CK,Huang Z,Kraus MA,Clark WR,Gao D. Kinetic comparison of different acute dialysis therapies. Artif Organs. 2003 Sep. 27(9): 802-7.
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[12]Esson ML,Schrier RW. Diagnosis and treatment of acute tubular necrosis. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Nov 5. 137(9): 744-52.
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治疗程序

[1]黎磊石,刘志红.中国肾脏病学(下册)[M].北京:人民军医出版社,2008