参考文献

流行病学

[1]向红丁,吴纬,刘灿群,等。1996年全国糖尿病流行病学
[2]全国糖尿病研究协作组调查研究组。全国14省市30万人口中糖尿病调查报告。中华内科杂志。1981,20:678-683。
[3]Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010 ;87(1):4-14.
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[4]Ning F, Pang ZC, Dong YH,et al. Risk factors associated with the dramatic increase in the prevalence of diabetes in the adult Chinese population in Qingdao, China. Diabet Med. 2009 Sep;26(9):855-63
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[5]Wenying Yang, Juming Lu, Jianping Weng,et al. Prevalence of diabetes among men and women in China.N Engl J Med,2010;362:1090-1101.
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[6]Flegal KM,Ezzati TM,Harris MI,Haynes SG,Juarez RZ,Knowler WC,Perez-Stable EJ,Stern MP. Prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982-1984. Diabetes Care. 1991 Jul. 14(7): 628-38.
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[7]Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, et al. Diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians:incidence ,risk factor and pathogenesis. Diabetes Metab Rev1999;6:1-27.
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[8]Ujcic-Voortman JK, Schram MT, Jacobs-van der Bruggen MA,et al. Diabetes prevalence and risk factors among ethnic minorities. Eur J Public Health. 2009;19(5):511-5. Epub 2009 Jul 8.
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[9]Oza-Frank R, Ali MK, Vaccarino V, Narayan KM. Asian Americans: diabetes prevalence across U.S. and World Health Organization weight classifications. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(9):1644-6.
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病因

[1]Pincus G, White P. On the inheritance of diabetes mellitusⅡ.Further analysis of family histories. Am J Med Sci,1034;188:159-169.
[2]Weijnen CF, Rich SS, Meigs JB, et al. Risk of diabetes in sibling of index cases with type 2 diabetes :implications of genetic studies. Diabet Med,2002;19:41-50.
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[3]Meigs JB, Cupples LA, Wilson PWF, et al. Parental transmissiong of type 2 diabetes: the Framingham offspring Study. Diabetes,2000;49:2201-2207.
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[4]Karter AJ, Rowell SE, Ackerson LM, et al. Excess maternal transmission of tyoe 2 diabetes: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Care,1999;22:938-943.
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[5]Klein BEK, Klein R, Moss SE, et al.Parental hidtory of diabetes in apopulation based stugy. Diabetes Care,1996;8:827-830.
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[6]李慧、韩学尧、纪立农。糖尿病家系先证者同胞的患病危险性分析。中国糖尿病杂志,2007,15:654-657。
[7]Meici F, Hawa M, Ianari A, et al. Concordance rate for type 2 diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins:actuarial analysis. Diabetology,1999;42:146-150.
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[8]Flegal KM, Ezzati TM, Harris MI, et al. Prevalence of diabetes in Mexican-Americans, Cubans,and Puerto Ricans from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Eaamination Survey,1882-84. Diabetes Care,1991;14[suppl 3]:628-638.
[9]Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Saad MF, et al. Diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians:incidence ,risk factor and pathogenesis. Diabetes Metab Rev1999;6:1-27.
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[10]Horikawa Y, Oda N, Cox NJ, et al. Genetic variantion in the gene encoding calpain-10 is association with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Genet, 2000;26:163-175.特点基线调查报告。中国糖尿病杂志,1998,3:131-133
[11]Hanson RL, Ehm MG, Pettitt DJ, et al. A genome-wide search for human non-insulin-dependent diabetes genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 2. Nat Genet,1996;13:161-166.
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[12]Guo SW.Inflation of sibling recurrence-risk ratio,due to ascertainmentbias and/or overreporting. Am J Hun Genet,1998,63:252-258.
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分类分型

[1]陆再英,钟南山.内科学[M]北京.人民卫生出版社,2008:770-771.

疾病演变

[1]Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:229-234
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并发症

[1]中华医学会糖尿病分会慢性并发症调查组。1991-2000年全国住院糖尿病患者慢性并发症及相关大血管病变回顾性分析。中国医学科学院学报,2002,24:447-451。
[2]张斌、向红丁、毛微波等。北京、上海、天津、重庆四城市住院2型糖尿病患者慢性并发症及相关大血管病变流行病学分析。中国医学科学院学报,2002,24:452-456
[3]Klein R,Klein BE,Moss SE,Davis MD,DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. III. Prevalence and risk of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 or more years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984 Apr. 102(4): 527-32.
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[4]Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Stratton IM,et al. United Kindom PropectiveDiabetes Study30:diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis non-insulin-dependent daibetes mellitus and associated risk facter.Arch Ophthalmol,1998,116:297-303.
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[5]王光璐、张凤、袁申元等。北京地区糖尿病性视网膜病变及其他慢性并发症的调查。眼科,2001,10:180-183
[6]何守志,郭玉玺,李朝辉等。首钢职工糖尿病视网膜病变流行学调查。中华眼科杂志,1997,33:381-383。
[7]李慧、纪立农。新诊断2型糖尿病和糖尿病前期人群中糖尿病视网膜病变患病率及危险因素分析。中国糖尿病杂志,2007,15:387-389。
[8]滕香宇、杨永年、谭燕等。1059例2型糖尿病肾病患病率及其相关危险因素。中国糖尿病杂志,2001,9:131-134.

治疗目标

[1]《中国糖尿病防治指南》2008:25

治疗细则

[1]Rodbard HW,Jellinger PS,Davidson JA,Einhorn D,Garber AJ,Grunberger G,Handelsman Y,Horton ES,Lebovitz H,Levy P,Moghissi ES,Schwartz SS. Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr Pract. 2009 Sep-Oct. 15(6): 540-59.
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[2]David MN, John BB, Mayer BD, et al. Msdical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A consensus algorithm for the initiationand adjustment of therapy. Diabetes Care,2009:32:193-203.
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[3]《中国糖尿病防治指南》2008:25
[4]DeFronzo R, Goodman A, the Multicenter Meformin Study Group: Efficacy of metaformin in patients with non-insulin-dependent mellitus. N Engl J Med.1995,333:541-549.
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[5]Bailey CJ,Turner RC. Metformin. N Engl J Med. 1996 Feb 29. 334(9): 574-9.
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[6]Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998 Sep 12. 352(9131): 837-53.
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[7]Shaw JS, Wilmot RL, Klipatrick ES. Establishing pragmatic estimated GFR thresholds to guide metformin prescribling.Diabet Med,2007;24:1160-1163.
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[8]Yki-Jarvine H. Drug therapy:thiazolidinediones. N Engl J Med,2004;351:1106
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[9]Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA,et al. Glycemic durability of rosidlitazone,metformin,or glyburide monotherapy, N Engl J Med,206;355:2427-2443.
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[10]Singh S,Loke YK,Furberg CD. Thiazolidinediones and heart failure: a teleo-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2007 Aug. 30(8): 2148-53.
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[11]Kahn SE,Zinman B, Lachin JM,et al. (A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial[ADOPT]Study Group). Rosiglitazone-associated fracture in type 2 diabetes: an anlysis from ADOPT. Diabetes Care, 2008,31:845-851.
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[12]Goldberg RB, Kendall DM, Deeg MA,et al. A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care,2005;28:1546-1554.
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[13]Home PD,Pocock SJ,Beck-Nielsen H,Curtis PS,Gomis R,Hanefeld M,Jones NP,Komajda M,McMurray JJ. Rosiglitazone evaluated for cardiovascular outcomes in oral agent combination therapy for type 2 diabetes (RECORD): a multicentre, randomised, open-label trial. Lancet. 2009 Jun 20. 373(9681): 2125-35.
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[14]Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complication in veterans with type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med,2009;360:129-139.
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[15]Patel A,MacMahon S,Chalmers J,Neal B,Billot L,Woodward M,Marre M,Cooper M,Glasziou P,Grobbee D,Hamet P,Harrap S,Heller S,Liu L,Mancia G,Mogensen CE,Pan C,Poulter N,Rodgers A,Williams B,Bompoint S,de Galan BE,Joshi R,Travert F. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 12. 358(24): 2560-72.
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[16]Wilcox R,Kupfer S,Erdmann E. Effects of pioglitazone on major adverse cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes: results from PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macro Vascular Events (PROactive 10). Am Heart J. 2008 Apr. 155(4): 712-7.
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[17]Van de Laar FA,Lucassen PL,Akkermans RP,Van de Lisdonk EH,Rutten GE,Van Weel C. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18. (2): CD003639.
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[18]Rosenstock J, Hassman DR, Madder RD, et al. Repaglinde versus nateglinide monotherapy:a randomized multicenter study. Diaberes Care, 2004,271265-1270
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[19]Groop LC. Sulfonylureas in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1992 Jun. 15(6): 737-54.
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[20]Kendall DM, Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, et al. Effects of exenatide on glycemic control and weigh over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care,2005;28:1083-1091.
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[21]Goldstein B, Feinglos M, Lunceford J,et al. Effect of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor,and metformin on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care,2007,30:1979-1987.
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[22]Raz I, Hanefeld M, Xu L, et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetologia,2006;49:2564-2571.
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[23]Schmitz O, Brock B, Rungby J. Amylin agonists:a novel approach in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes,2004,53(suppl.3):5233-5238.
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[24]Riddle M, Frias J, Zhang B, et al. Pramlintide improved glyvemic control and reduced weigh in patients with type 2 diabetes using basal insulin. Diabetes Care,2007,30:2794-2799.
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治疗程序

[1]《中国糖尿病防治指南》2008:25
[2]David MN, John BB, Mayer BD, et al. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A consensus algorithm for the initiationand adjustment of therapy. Diabetes Care,2009:32:193-203.
pubmed摘要 | 全文链接 | PDF全文
[3]Rodbard HW,Jellinger PS,Davidson JA,Einhorn D,Garber AJ,Grunberger G,Handelsman Y,Horton ES,Lebovitz H,Levy P,Moghissi ES,Schwartz SS. Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology consensus panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycemic control. Endocr Pract. 2009 Sep-Oct. 15(6): 540-59.
pubmed摘要 | 全文链接

随访要点

[1]Norris SL, Nichols PJ, Caspersen CJ, et al. Increasing diabetes self-management education in community settings: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22:39-66.
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预后

[1]Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:229-234
pubmed摘要 | 全文链接 | PDF全文